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Several unique features of GH151 family α-l-fucosidases were revealed, including the oligomerization pattern, active site accessibility and complementation, and substrate selectivity. Some common properties of GH151 glycosyl hydrolases then would be the overall three-domain structure and conservation of the central domain loop 2 function, including its complementation role and the formation of the carbohydrate-binding platform in the active site vicinity.<br /><br /> Microsporidia are spore-forming intracellular pathogens with worldwide prevalence, causing emerging infections in humans and animals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic species of microsporidia and is responsible for more than 90% of cases of microsporidiosis in humans and animals. Pigs and wild boars are important animal reservoirs of microsporidia. Hence, we aimed to estimate the global prevalence of microsporidia and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in pigs and wild boars through a set of systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.<br /><br /> Four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) were searched between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2021. Regarding meta-analysis, the random-effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI).<br /><br /> After exclusion of irrelevant articles and duplication removal, 33 papers, including 34 datasets (30 datasets for domestic pigs and 4 for wild boars) finally meet the inclusion criteria to undergo meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence rates of microsporidia infection in domestic pigs and wild boars were 37.6% (95% CI 30.8-44.9%) and 8.1% (95% CI 2.1-26.8%), respectively. While, the pooled prevalence rates of E. bieneusi were 35% (95% CI 28.4-42.2%) in domestic pigs and 10.1% (95% CI 1.7-42.4%) in wild boars. The genotypes EbpA was the most reported genotype in domestic pigs and wild boars. Male animals had higher prevalence rates of microsporidia infection than females (27 vs. 17.4%, OR=1.91; 95% CI, 0.77-4.71%).<br /><br /> This study indicates the important role of domestic pigs and wild boars as animal reservoir hosts of microsporidia. Thereby, strategies for control and prevention of these zoonotic pathogens should be designed in pigs and wild boars.<br /><br />This study indicates the important role of domestic pigs and wild boars as animal reservoir hosts of microsporidia. Thereby, strategies for control and prevention of these zoonotic pathogens should be designed in pigs and wild boars.Rabies is an acute fatal viral encephalitis usually transmitted from animals to men following domestic and wild animal bites. Rabies is endemic in Iran. It is the most important zoonotic disease in the country. Here, we describe a case report of grey wolf rabies in Iran. One grey wolf in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province showed signs of rabies. Clinical signs were characterised by increased sensitivity, ferocity, restlessness, and depression is accompanied by lethargy. After a while, the animal died. The brain samples were taken from the wolf soon after death. The sample was refrigerated and transported fresh on ice to the laboratory. Fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) confirmed rabies infection in the wolf. Prevention and control of this fatal disease require a sensitive surveillance system to follow suspected animal and human rabies cases thoroughly through the improved reporting system, which contains the history of exposure, clinical examinations, symptoms, and laboratory results. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of rabies is very important due to its zoonotic and public health.<br /><br /> The important trematode species in small ruminants Paramphistomum sp., Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. seriously affect the productivity of domestic ruminants in endemic areas.<br /><br /> In the present study, we identified the potential risk factors associated with trematodes infections in small ruminants in seven topographic zones of Bangladesh using simple sedimentation and modified Stoll' ova counting technique.<br /><br /> A total of 2440 samples were examined, where 965 were found positive with one or more trematode species with an overall prevalence of 39.5% (95% CI, 37.6%-41.5%) and intensity of infection was 264.77 ± 9.86 egg per gram of faeces. Three trematode species were identified namely Paramphistomum sp. (34.1%, 32.2%-36.0%), Fasciola spp. (7.5%, 6.5%-8.6%) and Schistosoma spp. (2.7%, 2.1%-3.5%). Prevalence of co-infection was 4.8%. The spatial distribution of trematode infections varied from 29.5% to 53.6%. Univariate analysis revealed that physiological condition of females, body condition, farming system, deworming and season were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with trematodes infections in small ruminants. By multiple logistic regression model, three factors such as physiological condition of females (pregnant and lactating), poor body condition and animals without deworming were identified as potential risk factors for trematodes infection in small ruminants.<br /><br /> Trematode infections are prevalent in the study areas and Paramphistomum sp. is most common in different areas among the identified trematodes species. Government should take necessary action to appraise an effective control strategy of trematode infections in small ruminants.<br /><br />Trematode infections are prevalent in the study areas and Paramphistomum sp. is most common in different areas among the identified trematodes species. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-1.html find more] Government should take necessary action to appraise an effective control strategy of trematode infections in small ruminants.Primary bone tumor resections often result in critical size defects, which then necessitate challenging clinical management approaches to reconstruct. One such intervention is the Masquelet technique, in which poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is placed as a spacer temporarily while adjuvant chemotherapeutics are administered systemically. The spacer is later removed and replaced with bone autograft. Local recurrence remains an important and devastating problem, therefore, a system capable of locally delivering chemotherapeutics will present unique advantages. In this work, a refillable chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin, DOX) delivery platform comprised of PMMA bone cement and insoluble γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) polymeric microparticles is developed and explored towards application as a temporary adjuvant chemotherapeutic spacer. The system is characterized for porosity, mechanical strength, DOX filling and refilling capacity, elution kinetics, and cytotoxicity. Since residual chemotherapeutics can adversely impact bone healing, it is important that virtually all DOX be released from material. Composites containing 15 wt% γ-CD microparticles demonstrate 100% DOX release within 100 days, whereas only 6% DOX is liberated from PMMA with free DOX over same period. Refillable properties of PMMA composite system may find utility for customizing dosing regimens. Findings suggest that PMMA composites can have potential as chemotherapeutic delivery platforms to assist in bone reconstruction.Explicit characterisation of the complexity of urban landscapes is critical for understanding patterns of biodiversity and for detecting the underlying social and ecological processes that shape them. Urban environments exhibit variable heterogeneity and connectivity, influenced by different historical contingencies, that affect community assembly across scales. The multidimensional nature of urban disturbance and co-occurrence of multiple stressors can cause synergistic effects leading to nonlinear responses in populations and communities. Yet, current research design of urban ecology and evolutionary studies typically relies on simple representation of the parameter space that can be observed. Sampling approaches apply simple urban gradients such as linear transects in space or comparisons of urban sites across the urban mosaic accounting for a few variables. This rarely considers multiple dimensions and scales of biodiversity, and proves to be inadequate to explain observed patterns. We apply a multidimensional approach that integrates distinctive social, ecological and built characteristics of urban landscapes, representing variations along dimensions of heterogeneity, connectivity and historical contingency. Measuring species richness and beta diversity across 100 US metropolitan areas at the city and 1-km scales, we show that distinctive signatures of urban biodiversity can result from interactions between socioecological heterogeneity and connectivity, mediated by historical contingency.<br /><br /> Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) present in farming soil and food-processing facilities threatens food safety, but little is known about the carriage of Lm by wildlife.<br /><br /> We estimated the prevalence of faecal Lm shedding among wildlife admitted to a veterinary medical teaching hospital in central New York and characterized a subset of the Lm isolates.<br /><br /> Wildlife samples were collected between May 2018 and December 2019. We characterized the Lm isolates by assessing the growth at three temperatures approximating the body temperatures of reptiles (25°C), mammals (37°C), and birds (42°C) and identifying genotypic characteristics related to transmission and virulence.<br /><br /> The apparent prevalence of faecal Lm shedding was 5.6% [18/324; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.3%-8.6%]. Among 13 isolates that represented two lineages and 11 clonal complexes, three and five isolates were grouped into the same SNP clusters with human clinical isolates and environmental isolates, respectively. However, specific SNP difference data r ability to grow at 25°C and 42°C.<br /><br />Wildlife represents a potential reservoir for genetically diverse and putatively hypervirulent Lm strains. No statistically significant association between growth parameters and hosts was observed. However, compared to lineage I isolates, lineage II isolates showed significantly (p less then 0.05) faster growth at 25°C and significantly slower growth at 42°C, suggesting that wildlife Lm isolates that belong to lineages I and II differ in their ability to grow at 25°C and 42°C.Vitamin K epoxide reductases (VKORs) are a large family of integral membrane enzymes found from bacteria to humans. Human VKOR, specific target of warfarin, has both the epoxide and quinone reductase activity to maintain the vitamin K cycle. Bacterial VKOR homologs, however, are insensitive to warfarin inhibition and are quinone reductases incapable of epoxide reduction. What affords the epoxide reductase activity in human VKOR remains unknown. Here, we show that a representative bacterial VKOR homolog can be converted to an epoxide reductase that is also inhibitable by warfarin. To generate this new activity, we first substituted several regions surrounding the active site of bacterial VKOR by those from human VKOR based on comparison of their crystal structures. Subsequent systematic substitutions narrowed down to merely eight residues, with the addition of a membrane anchor domain, that are responsible for the epoxide reductase activity. Substitutions corresponding to N80 and Y139 in human VKOR provide strong hydrogen bonding interactions to facilitate the epoxide reduction. The rest of six substitutions increase the size and change the shape of the substrate-binding pocket, and the membrane anchor domain stabilizes this pocket while allowing certain flexibility for optimal binding of the epoxide substrate. Overall, our study reveals the structural features of the epoxide reductase activity carried out by a subset of VKOR family in the membrane environment.