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This review highlights a paucity of evidence in all areas of comorbid chronic pain and PTSD. Further work needs to consider fully the nature of the event that led to the development of the two conditions and examine further the possible mechanisms involved, and clinics need to establish routine and systematic evaluations of how any interventions work in practice.<br /><br />This review highlights a paucity of evidence in all areas of comorbid chronic pain and PTSD. [https://www.selleckchem.com/peptide/gsmtx4.html https://www.selleckchem.com/peptide/gsmtx4.html] Further work needs to consider fully the nature of the event that led to the development of the two conditions and examine further the possible mechanisms involved, and clinics need to establish routine and systematic evaluations of how any interventions work in practice.<br /><br /> Central sensitization and impaired conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response have been reported to contribute to migraine progression. Migraine patients can present with allodynia possibly attributed to increased sensitivity of peripheral ends of nociceptors with both peripheral and central sensitization. Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) works by stimulating the distal branches of C1, C2 and C3 possibly altering the nociceptive traffic to the trigemino-cervical complex, brainstem and supranuclear connections.<br /><br /> This observational study explores peripheral and central sensitization in patients undergoing percutaneous ONS.<br /><br /> Following local regulatory approval, 13 patients undergoing ONS with dual Octrode 90 cm leads and rechargeable implantable pulse generator (IPG) (St Jude) were recruited to have quantitative sensory testing (QST) pre- and post-procedure 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.<br /><br /> Patients with intractable migraine demonstrated impaired CPM (mean baseline pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) 61.98 kPa vs 48.01 kPa cuff inflated) prior to ONS, reverting to an efficient CPM response within 2 weeks following ONS implant (68.9 kPa vs 104.5 kPa cuff inflated) and continuing positively over the next 12 months. In contrast, no statistical difference was observed in PPTs.<br /><br /> This is the first reported observation highlighting the effects on central sensitization following ONS. A consistent and sustained improvement in CPM was observed in contrast to PPT's where there was no difference. Normalisation of the CPM response following ONS indicates that the treatment may reduce central sensitization in the migraine population.<br /><br />This is the first reported observation highlighting the effects on central sensitization following ONS. A consistent and sustained improvement in CPM was observed in contrast to PPT's where there was no difference. Normalisation of the CPM response following ONS indicates that the treatment may reduce central sensitization in the migraine population.<br /><br /> Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent causes of disability worldwide, and digital interventions may be one of the ways to meet this need. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that digital interventions can be effective in treating chronic pain. This study aimed to establish the clinical effectiveness of a web-based pain management programme (PMP), specifically whether it would lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced health care costs in a real-world clinical setting.<br /><br /> Of 738 participants, 438 engaged with the programme and 300 did not. Two analyses were conducted a within-subjects pre-post comparison of clinical outcomes for participants who completed the programme and a between-groups comparison of health care usage for those who engaged and those who did not.<br /><br /> Participants who completed the programme made significant improvements with regard to their perceived health status, level of disability, mood, confidence managing pain, problems in life due to pain and level of pain. Around one-third of participants made reliable changes in their levels of disability, depression and anxiety. There was no relationship between gender or age and engagement with the programme. Those who engaged with the programme demonstrated reduced health care costs in the year following referral, whereas health care costs of non-engagers increased. Limitations of the study include a high drop-out rate and a non-randomised comparison group. Results must therefore be interpreted with some caution.<br /><br /> A web-based pain management programme can be clinically effective and may be a useful addition to the treatments offered by pain management services.<br /><br />A web-based pain management programme can be clinically effective and may be a useful addition to the treatments offered by pain management services.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to describe the information access behaviours of clinicians involved in pain management with respect to their use of a pain evidence resource and to determine the areas of professional differences.<br /><br /> Users (n = 258) of a free pain evidence alerting service (PAIN<br /><br /> ) were enrolled in this study. The users regularly received email alerts about newly published clinical articles about pain that were pre-appraised for scientific merit and clinical relevance. A sample of up to 10 abstracts retrieved by each user were retrieved and classified using a descriptive classification system to describe the types of research, pain subtypes, interventions and outcomes that were reported in the accessed studies. Frequencies and chi-square tests were performed to compare access behaviours across professions.<br /><br /> A total of 258 participants viewed 2311 abstracts. More than 52% of abstracts viewed were primary clinical studies; the majority (87%) addressed treatment effectiveness and were quantitative re the intervention, type of pain and the research design. Multidisciplinary evidence repositories may need to consider how to include and meet varied information needs.<br /><br />While access partially reflects the content of the pain repository, professional differences in access were evident that related to the nature of the intervention, type of pain and the research design. Multidisciplinary evidence repositories may need to consider how to include and meet varied information needs.<br /><br /> The Faculty of Pain Medicine recently published the first UK-focused Core Standards for Pain Management Services (CSPMS). We present an audit checklist tool developed to map compliance to the CSPMS, which offers a practical method of auditing any pain management service against the standards.<br /><br /> The checklist tool was developed and its utility was field-tested in the Scottish National Residential Pain Management Programme (SNRPMP), a newly established service offering residential service to people in Scotland.<br /><br /> The checklist tool developed provides an easy and practical approach to evaluating any pain service against the national standards. Its application to evaluate the SNRPMP indicates that the service meets the majority of CSPMS standards and highlights aspects of the service requiring improvement.<br /><br /> The layout of the developed checklist tool offers an alternative format for the structuring of the national standards in possible future revisions. The audit checklist tool enables evaluation of services with a numerical score, enabling monitoring of their compliance with national standards as well as comparisons between pain services.