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Nerve injury caused a much larger increase in CB2 expression in the DRG in CB1cKO than in wildtype mice. Interfering with downstream target genes of CB1, such as antagonizing CB2, inhibited activation of astrocytes, reduced neuroinflammation, and alleviated neuropathic pain. Our results demonstrate that CB1 in primary sensory neurons functions as an endogenous analgesic mediator. CB2 expression is regulated by CB1 and may be targeted for the treatment of neuropathic pain.Cancer is a serious disease with an increasing number of reported cases and high mortality worldwide. Gastrointestinal cancer defines a group of cancers in the digestive system, e.g., liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer. Coptidis Rhizoma (C. Rhizoma; Huanglian, in Chinese) is a classical Chinese medicinal botanical drug for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and has been shown to have a wide variety of pharmacological activity, including antifungal, antivirus, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, and cardioprotective effects. Recent studies on C. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zen-3694.html ZEN-3694 datasheet] Rhizoma present significant progress on its anticancer effects and the corresponding mechanisms as well as its clinical applications. Herein, keywords related to C. Rhizoma, cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and omics were searched in PubMed and the Web of Science databases, and more than three hundred recent publications were reviewed and discussed. C. Rhizoma extract along with its main components, berberine, palmatine, coptisine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine, oxyepiberberine, oxyberberine, dihydroberberine, columbamine, limonin, and derivatives, are reviewed. We describe novel and classic anticancer mechanisms from various perspectives of pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, and pharmaceutics. Researchers have transformed the chemical structures and drug delivery systems of these components to obtain better efficacy and bioavailability of C. Rhizoma. Furthermore, C. Rhizoma in combination with other drugs and their clinical application are also summarized. Taken together, C. Rhizoma has broad prospects as a potential adjuvant candidate against cancers, making it reasonable to conduct additional preclinical studies and clinical trials in gastrointestinal cancer in the future.Introduction Improving adverse drug event (ADE) detection is important for post-marketing drug safety surveillance. Existing statistical approaches can be further optimized owing to their high efficiency and low cost. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the proposed approach for use in pharmacovigilance, the early detection of potential ADEs, and the improvement of drug safety. Methods We developed a novel integrated approach, the Bayesian signal detection algorithm, based on the pharmacological network model (ICPNM) using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data published from 2004 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2019Q2, PubChem, and DrugBank database. First, we used a pharmacological network model to generate the probabilities for drug-ADE associations, which comprised the proper prior information component (IC). We then defined the probability of the propensity score adjustment based on a logistic regression model to control for the confounding bias. Finally, we chose the Side Effect Resource (SIDER) and the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) data to evaluate the detection performance and robustness of the ICPNM compared with the statistical approaches [disproportionality analysis (DPA)] by using the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) and Youden's index. Results Of the statistical approaches implemented, the ICPNM showed the best performance (AUC, 0.8291; Youden's index, 0.5836). Meanwhile, the AUCs of the IC, EBGM, ROR, and PRR were 0.7343, 0.7231, 0.6828, and 0.6721, respectively. Conclusion The proposed ICPNM combined the strengths of the pharmacological network model and the Bayesian signal detection algorithm and performed better in detecting true drug-ADE associations. It also detected newer ADE signals than a DPA and may be complementary to the existing statistical approaches.Background Due to the embryotoxicity found in animal studies and scarce clinical data in pregnant women, it is still controversial whether entecavir (ETV) and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) are safe during human pregnancy. This is of paramount importance when counseling pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) on risks and benefits to their offspring. Objective To quantify the association between administration of ETV and ADV in pregnant women and occurrence of adverse events (AEs) during pregnancy (AEDP). Methods Pregnancy reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) were used to perform a retrospective analysis of AEDP associated with ETV or ADV. Disproportionality analysis estimating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) was conducted to identify the risk signals. A signal was defined as ROR value &gt;2, and lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI)&gt; 1. Results A total of 1,286,367 reports involving AEDP were submitted to FAERS by healthcare professionals. Of these, there were 547 cases reporting ETV a limitations of a spontaneous reporting database, which inevitably contains potential biases, there is a pressing need for well-designed comparative safety studies to validate these results in clinical practice.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a superbacterium, and when it forms biofilms, it is difficult to treat even with the first-line of antibiotic linezolid (LNZ). Reyanning mixture (RYN), a compound-based Chinese medicine formula, has been found to have inhibitory effects on biofilms. This study aims to explore the synergistic inhibitory effect and corresponding mechanisms of their (LNZ&amp;RYN) combination on the planktonic as well as biofilm cells of MRSA. Broth microdilution and chessboard methods were employed for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and synergistic concentration of LNZ&amp;RYN, respectively. The effect of the combined medication on biofilm and mature biofilm of MRSA were observed by biofilm morphology and permeability experiments, respectively. To unveil the molecular mechanism of action of the synergistic combination of LNZ and RYN, RT-PCR based biofilm-related gene expression analysis and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry based endogenous metabonomic analysis were deployed. The results indicated that 1/16RYN as the best combined dose reduced LNZ (4 μg/ml) to 2 μg/ml. The combined treatment inhibited living MRSA before and after biofilm formation, removed the residual structure of dead bacteria in MRSA biofilms and affected the shape and size of bacteria, resulting in the improvement of biofilm permeability. The mechanism was that biofilm-related genes such as agrC, atlA, and sarA, as well as amino acid uptake associated with the metabolism of 3-dehydrocarnitine, kynurenine, L-leucine, L-lysine and sebacic acid were inhibited. This study provides evidence for the treatment of MRSA and its biofilms with LNZ combined with RYN.Introduction Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the inflammatory process and lipid depositions. We previously reported that microRNA-216a (miR-216a) can accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis by promoting the polarization of M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the major pharmacologically active compound extracted from ginseng, has a high affinity to miR-216a. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Rb2 can counteract the effect of miR-216a in macrophages to ameliorate atherosclerosis. Methods The apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE-/-) mice model was chronically infected with miR-216a adenovirus via the tail vein and then intraperitoneally injected with Rb2. The plaque lesion area and stability of thoracic aorta were examined. The human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells (THP-1) or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro, transfected with miR-216a mimics, and treated with Rb2 to explore the mechanisms of Rb2 on the polarization osion Our findings indicated that Rb2 might be a potential therapeutic molecule for atherosclerosis by attenuating the atherosclerosis plaque lesion, lipid accumulation, and M1 macrophages polarization by targeting miR-216a. Given that accumulation of foam cells in the intima takes place chronically, the role of Rb2 in atherosclerosis progression needs further investigation.Introduction Some encouraging findings of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in management of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) obtained in the setting of clinical trials are hard to validate in the daily clinical practice due to a complicated treatment scenario of CHM in practice. The primary objective of this registry is to provide a description of treatment patterns used in management of IMN and assess clinical remission in daily practice in a Chinese population sample with IMN. Methods and analysis This is a prospective, multicenter cohort which will comprise 2000 adults with IMN regardless of urinary protein levels that will be recruited from 11 nephrology centers across China. The participants will be followed for up to at least 2 years. Primary outcome is composite remission (either complete remission or partial remission) 24 months after enrolment. The secondary outcomes are complete remission, partial remission, time to remission, no response, relapse, proteinuria, annual change of glomerular filtration rate, antibodies against PLA2R, and composite endpoint of 40% reduction of glomerular filtration rate, doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease, and death. Propensity score analysis will be used for matching and adjustment. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (BF2020-094-01). Results of the study will be published in both national and international peer-reviewed journals, and presented at scientific conferences. Investigators will inform the participants as well as other IMN patients of the findings via health education. Study registration ChiCTR2000033680 (prospectively registered).Background Thrombolysis with r-tPA is recommended for patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within 4.5 h of symptom onset. However, only a few patients benefit from this therapeutic regimen. Thus, we aimed to develop an interpretable machine learning (ML)-based model to predict the thrombolysis effect of r-tPA at the super-early stage. Methods A total of 353 patients with AIS were divided into training and test data sets. We then used six ML algorithms and a recursive feature elimination (RFE) method to explore the relationship among the clinical variables along with the NIH stroke scale score 1 h after thrombolysis treatment. Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanation algorithms were applied to interpret the ML models and determine the importance of the selected features. Results Altogether, 353 patients with an average age of 63.0 (56.0-71.0) years were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 156 showed a favorable thrombolysis effect and 197 showed an unfavorable effect.