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Although many studies relating stature to foot length have been carried out, the relationship between foot size and body mass remains poorly understood. Here we investigate this relationship in 193 adult and 50 juvenile habitually unshod/minimally shod individuals from five different populations-Machiguenga, Daasanach, Pumé, Hadzabe, and Samoans-varying greatly in body size and shape. Body mass is highly correlated with foot size, and can be predicted from foot area (maximum length × breadth) in the combined sample with an average error of about 10%. However, comparisons among populations indicate that body shape, as represented by the body mass index (BMI), has a significant effect on foot size proportions, with higher BMI samples exhibiting relatively smaller feet. Thus, we also derive equations for estimating body mass from both foot size and BMI, with BMI in footprint samples taken as an average value for a taxon or population, estimated independently from skeletal remains. Techniques are also developed for estimating body mass in juveniles, who have relatively larger feet than adults, and for converting between foot and footprint size. Sample applications are given for five Pliocene through Holocene hominin footprint samples from Laetoli (Australopithecus afarensis), Ileret (probable Homo erectus), Happisburgh (possible Homo antecessor), Le Rozel (archaic Homo sapiens), and Barcin Höyük (H. sapiens). Body mass estimates for Homo footprint samples appear reasonable when compared to skeletal estimates for related samples. However, estimates for the Laetoli footprint sample using the new formulae appear to be too high when compared to skeletal estimates for A. afarensis. Based on the proportions of A.L. 288-1, this is apparently a result of relatively large feet in this taxon. A different method using a ratio between body mass and foot area in A.L. 288-1 provides estimates more concordant with skeletal estimates and should be used for A. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/m4076.html Lartesertib] afarensis.Abnormal motor manifestations in REM sleep are the most visible feature of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), which precedes the overt alpha-synucleinopathy. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic visual analysis of the motor events (ME) captured during video-polysomnography, and clarify their relation to the disease severity. Thirty-four iRBD patients (5 women, 29 men; age 67.7 ± 7.2) with a mean follow-up duration 2.9 ± 1.1 years. and 33 controls (10 women, 23 men; age 61.5 ± 8.2) were examined. The ME captured during REM sleep were classified into four categories, previously defined by Frauscher et al. according to clinical severity minor/simple jerks, major, complex and violent. An average frequency of 110.8 ± 75.2 ME per hour were identified in iRBD, 7.5 ± 11.6 in the controls (p less then 0.001). Of these ME, 68.4% were classified as minor/simple jerks, 9.3% as major, 21.7% as complex and 0.7% as violent. The ME frequency was negatively associated with tracer binding on dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT); the association was stronger for caudate nucleus compared to putamen. During follow-up seven patients (24.1%) phenoconverted, yielding a yearly phenoconversion rate 8.3%. Violent ME were associated with increased hazard ratio for phenoconversion in frequency (p = 0.012) and total duration (p = 0.007). Patients with higher amounts of violent ME had a greater risk of phenoconversion; therefore, their role as a predictor should be considered. Additionally, ME were associated with nigrostriatal degeneration, according to DAT-SPECT. These findings indicate that the degree of the clinical severity of motor manifestations in iRBD reflects the severity of the disease.<br /><br /> Little is known concerning whether subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is associated with sleep quality. This study aimed to identify the association between self-reported quality of sleep and SCD in a large population of middle-aged and older adults in Korea.<br /><br /> We conducted this study based on data collected from the 2018 Korean Community Health Survey. Individuals aged 40 years and older who responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessments and did not lack data about multiple covariates were included. A total of 37,712 respondents with SCD and 135,119 those without SCD were included. Sleep quality was estimated using the PSQI, which includes seven self-reported components for sleep health assessment. SCD was assessed using the BRFSS. Logistic regression models adjusted for confounders were used to examine whether each component of the sleep quality index was related to SCD. Additional analysis of the correlation between quantified scoThree ratio spectra manipulating spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of Paracetamol (PAR) and Phenylephrine HCl (PHE) in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulation. Linear correlations were obtained over the concentration range of 1.0-25.0 µg/mL and 5.0-50.0 µg/mL for PAR and PHE, respectively. The first method is the ratio subtraction method (RS) coupled with constant multiplication (CM) in which PHE was determined by ratio subtraction and PAR was determined by constant multiplication. The second method is the ratio difference method (RD) which depends on measuring the difference between the amplitudes of the ratio spectra at two selected wavelengths. The third method is the first derivative of the ratio spectra (1DD), which allows the determination of PAR at 238.8 and 243 nm and PHE at 213.2, 222.2, 271.8 and 286 nm. The proposed methods are simple, accurate and precise (RSD does not exceed 2%). The applicability of the proposed methods was successfully verified by the analysis of PAR and PHE in pharmaceutical formulation without interference of the dosage form additives. Furthermore, the developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines, so they are considered to be potential competitors for the analysis of the mixture in quality control labs and pharmaceutical factories.Absorption and relaxation dynamics of electronic states of free-base, Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) porphyrins bearing a β-(2,2-difluoro-1,3,2-dioxaborinin-5-yl) group were investigated in dimethyl sulfoxide by using distinct time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, excited state absorption cross-section spectra were determined by combining white light continuum Z-Scan and transient absorption techniques. In the case of the free-base (2H) and Zn(II) porphyrins, we were able to quantify singlet-triplet conversion by analyzing the evolution of time-resolved fluorescence. Relaxation lifetimes from the excited to the ground state were observed in both porphyrins at nanosecond time scale. However, for Co(II) and Cu(II) metalloporphyrins it was observed in the picosecond time scale through femtosecond transient absorption, indicating that both compounds relax back to the ground state only by internal conversion processes. Co(II) and Cu(II) heavy atoms seem to prohibit the radiative and intersystem crossing processes.