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5 (1.2-1.9); shoulder pain, 21% versus 9%, 2.6 (1.9-2.5); elbow pain, 14% versus 5%, 2.9 (2.0-4.2); wrist pain 14% versus 7%, 2.2 (1.5-3.1); and finger pain 13% versus 9%, 2.8 (2.0-3.9). Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain increased with age in controls but not in musicians.<br /><br /> Professional orchestra musicians reported more pain in the back and upper extremity than other working people. Future research should focus on explaining differences in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders between musicians and the general population.<br /><br />Professional orchestra musicians reported more pain in the back and upper extremity than other working people. Future research should focus on explaining differences in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders between musicians and the general population.<br /><br /> Influenza vaccination has been suggested to protect against mortality and recurrent events among patients with cardiovascular disease or chronic obstructive respiratory disease, but there is limited evidence in older adults, who have higher risks of influenza-associated hospitalization and mortality.<br /><br /> Patients aged ≥60 years hospitalized for cardiovascular or respiratory diseases from the Beijing Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance database during three influenza seasons (2013/2014-2015/2016) were pooled to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccination on hospitalization outcomes. Vaccination status was ascertained through cross-referencing the Beijing Elderly Influenza Vaccination database. The summer months (June-August) were used as a reference period to adjust for unmeasured confounders during influenza seasons.<br /><br /> After adjusting for both measured and unmeasured confounders, influenza vaccination was associated with lower risks of in-hospital deaths among patients hospitalized for cardiovascular (odds ratio [OR] 0.85 [0.68-1.06]) or respiratory diseases (0.66 [0.54-0.82]). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risk of re-admission among patients with cardiovascular (OR 0.81 [0.69-0.95]) but not respiratory diseases (1.12 [0.92-1.35]). Influenza vaccination was also associated with lower direct medical costs, but not with length of stay.<br /><br /> Influenza vaccination protected against hospitalization outcomes among older adults with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases.<br /><br />Influenza vaccination protected against hospitalization outcomes among older adults with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases.Walking onto a stationary platform that had been previously experienced as moving generates a locomotor after-effect-the so-called 'broken escalator' phenomenon. The motor responses that occur during locomotor after-effects have been mapped theoretically using a hierarchal Bayesian model of brain function that takes into account current sensory information that is weighted according to prior contextually-relevant experiences; these in turn inform automatic motor responses. Here, we use the broken escalator phenomenon to explore motor learning in patients with functional gait disorders and probe whether abnormal postural mechanisms override ascending sensory information and conscious intention, leading to maladaptive and disabling gait abnormalities. Fourteen patients with functional gait disorders and 17 healthy control subjects walked onto a stationary sled ('Before' condition, five trials), then onto a moving sled ('Moving' condition, 10 trials) and then again onto the stationary sled ('After' condition, fi show normal adaptive learning. The process of de-adaptation, however, is prolonged in patients indicating a tendency to perpetuate learned motor programmes. The trend to normalization of gait velocity following a period of implicit motor learning has implications for gait rehabilitation potential in patients with functional gait disorders and related disorders (e.g. fear of falling).Membrane transporters control the movement and distribution of solutes, including the disposal or compartmentation of toxic substances that accumulate in plants under adverse environmental conditions. In this minireview, in the light of the approaching 100th anniversary of unveiling the significance of boron to plants (K. Warington, 1923; Ann. Bot.37, 629) we discuss the current state of the knowledge on boron transport systems that plants utilise to combat boron toxicity. These transport proteins include (i) nodulin-26-like intrinsic protein-types of aquaporins, and (ii) anionic efflux (borate) solute carriers. We describe the recent progress made on the structure-function relationships of these transport proteins and point out that this progress is integral to quantitative considerations of the transporter's roles in tissue boron homeostasis. Newly acquired knowledge at the molecular level has informed on the transport mechanics and conformational states of boron transport systems that can explain their impact on cell biology and whole plant physiology. We expect that this information will form the basis for engineering transporters with optimised features to alleviate boron toxicity tolerance in plants exposed to suboptimal soil conditions for sustained food production.Recently, there have been significant advancements in dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) for biological applications. With frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM), subnanometer-scale surface structures of biomolecules such as secondary structures of proteins, phosphate groups of DNAs, and lipid-ion complexes have been directly visualized. In addition, three-dimensional AFM (3D-AFM) has been developed by combining a high-resolution AFM technique with a 3D tip scanning method. This method enabled visualization of 3D distributions of water (i.e. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bupivacaine.html Selleck Bupivacaine] hydration structures) with subnanometer-scale resolution on various biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. Furthermore, 3D-AFM also allows visualization of subnanometer-scale 3D distributions of flexible surface structures such as thermally fluctuating lipid headgroups. Such a direct local information at nano-bio interfaces can play a critical role in determining the atomic- or molecular-scale model to explain interfacial structures and functions. Here, we present an overview of these recent advancements in the dynamic-mode AFM techniques and their biological applications.