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Consequently, assumptions on the transport system in endothelial cells are based on findings in polarised epithelial cells, although recent studies have highlighted differences in the endothelial system. This review highlights aspects of the vesicular trafficking machinery in brain endothelial cells, including recent findings, limitations, and opportunities for further studies. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli). Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.NLC is a next-generation lipid nanocarrier which holds many advantages over other colloidal lipid carrier system like higher drug loading, better and controlled release and enhanced stability. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd-5462.html AZD-5462 cell line] Owing to the unique structural composition, i.e. crystallized solid and liquid lipid blend it offers excellent biocompatibility and higher permeation across physiological membranes like BBB. Moreover, the surface of NLC can be easily modified with target-specific ligands, proteins, peptides, etc. which makes it a potential candidate for brain targeting of CNS acting drugs. NLC has found various applications in treatment of various CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy, migraine, cerebral ischemia etc. Among these, the application of NLC towards the treatment of AD has been well explored in past two decades. In this piece of work, we have discussed the types of NLC, its composition, fabrication techniques, characterization, stability profile and application in the treatment of AD. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.HPV is still the most common sexually transmitted infection, leading to the onset of many disorders while causing an increase in direct and indirect health costs. High Risk (HR) HPV is the primary cause of invasive cervical cancer and contributes significantly to the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The introduction of universal HPV vaccination has led to a significant reduction in vaccine-targeted HPV infections, cross-protective genotypes, precancerous lesions and anogenital warts. Despite the several limitations of HPV vaccination programs, including vaccine type specificity, different schedules, target age-groups and poor communication, the impact has become increasingly evident, especially in countries with high vaccine uptake. We carried out a review of the most recent literature to evaluate the effects of HPV vaccination on vaccine-targeted HPV genotypes and to assess the level of cross-protection provided against non-vaccine HPV types. Subsequently, to assess the rates of HPV infection in a southeast Italian region, we performed an epidemiological investigation into the impact of vaccination on genotypes and on the prevalence and distribution of HPV infection during the twelve-year period 2006-2017 in the Local Health Unit (LHU) of Lecce and province. The vaccination coverage of about 70% among girls in the LHU led to an initial reduction in vaccine-targeted HPV types and cross-protective genotypes. However, the results on this population should be interpreted cautiously because the period since the start of vaccination is too short and the coverage rate is not yet optimal to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination in lowering the prevalence of non-vaccine HR HPV types in the vaccinated cohort and in older subjects. Nevertheless, it is expected that direct effects will increase further and that herd immunity will begin to emerge as vaccination coverage increases. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.The demand for availability of efficient and safe contraceptive methods is strengthened by the predictions made by the United Nations regarding the future growth of the human population. So far, the women are not only the main victims of the unsafe procedures related to terminating unwished pregnancies but do also carry the main responsibility for family planning. There is a significant desire among the men for sharing this responsibility and a substantial proportion of the females are willing to trust their male partners in regard to use of contraception. There is, therefore, a need of developing new reversible, safe, effective, acceptable, affordable and available methods of male contraception. Thus, hormonal manipulation resulting in suppression of sperm production, seems - so far - to be the most feasible approach to achieve the above-mentioned goal. Several strategies of such hormonal manipulation have been tested. Most of them are based on administration of more or less supra-physiological doses of exogeneous testosterone, alone or in combination with other means of endocrine suppression of gonadotropin secretion.