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This cooperative effect means that already few surfactant molecules adsorbed at the interface can induce a significant ordering of oil molecules in the interfacial layer. This new interfacial structure, in turn, attracts further surfactant molecules to adsorb. Improving the theoretical description of experimental data was finally achieved by applying suitable adsorption models for the two adsorbing compounds, i.e. a Frumkin adsorption model for the oil molecules and a Langmuir, Frumkin, or reorientation model for the adsorbing surfactant molecules. Here, the progress in modelling surfactant adsorption at water/oil interfaces is discussed mainly for the homologous series of the cationic surfactants CnTAB, of the anionic surfactant SDS, and members of the homologous series of the non-ionic surfactants CnDMPO at water/alkane interfaces. Different 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline derivatives 2a-c, 3-c, 4a-f, 6a-c, 7a-f and 8a-d were prepared via condensation reaction of the appropriate chalcone 1a-c or 5a-c with various hydrazine derivatives. All compounds were screened for their cytotoxicity against breast MCF-7 cancer cell line and the normal fibroblasts WI-38. Thirteen compounds 2a, 3a, 3c, 4a-d, 6c, 7d, 7e, 8b, 8d and 8f revealed promising cytotoxicity against MCF-7 compared to the reference standard staurosporine and they were safe to the normal fibroblasts WI-38. In addition, compounds 3c, 6c, 7d, 8b and 8d elicited higher cytotoxicity than erlotinib and exhibited promising EGFR inhibitory activity at submicromolar level comparable to that of erlotinib except for compound 8b that may exert its cytotoxicity via another mechanism besides EGFR inhibition. Molecular docking of 3c, 6c, 7d, 8b and 8d in the active site of EGFR confirmed the obtained results. In search for new molecular entities as anti-TB agents, the benzimidazoquinazoline polyheterocyclic scaffold has been designed adopting the scaffold hopping strategy. Thirty-two compounds have been synthesized through an improved tandem decarboxylative nucleophilic addition cyclocondensation reaction of o-phenylenediamine with isatoic anhydride followed by further cyclocondensation of the intermediately formed 2-(o-aminoaryl)benzimidazole with trialkyl orthoformate/acetate. The resultant benzimidazoquinazolines were evaluated in vitro for anti-TB activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294 strain). Fourteen compounds exhibiting MIC values in the range of 0.4-6.25&nbsp;µg/mL were subjected to cell viability test against RAW 264.7 cell lines and were found to be non-toxic ( less then 30% inhibition at 50&nbsp;µg/mL). The active compounds were further evaluated against INH resistant Mtb strains. The most active compound 6x [MIC (H37Rv) of 0.4&nbsp;µg/mL] and the compound 6d [MIC (H37Rv) of 0.78&nbsp;µg/mL] were also found to be active against INH resistant Mtb strain with MIC values of 12.5 and 0.78&nbsp;µg/mL, respectively. Alkylation of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate with allyl-2-chloroacetate, allyl-3-chloropropionate, chloromethyl-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate, and 4-(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane in the aqueous medium synthesized functionally substituted esters of N, N-dietyleditiocarbamic acid (M1-M4). Most active compounds were docked into the catalytic active site of the enzyme. We identified that acetate moiety for inhibition of hCA I, hCA II, and α-glycosidase and dioxolane and thiocarbamic acid moieties for inhibition of AChE and BChE enzymes are very important. The hCA I isoform was inhibited by these novel functionally substituted esters based on sodium diethyldithiocarbamate derivatives (M1-M4) in low micromolar levels, the Ki of which differed between 48.03&nbsp;±&nbsp;9.77 and 188.42&nbsp;±&nbsp;46.08&nbsp;µM. Against the physiologically dominant isoform hCA II, the novel compounds demonstrated Kis varying from 57.33&nbsp;±&nbsp;6.21 to 174.34&nbsp;±&nbsp;40.72&nbsp;µM. Also, these novel derivatives (M1-M4) effectively inhibited AChE, with Ki values in the range of 115.42&nbsp;±&nbsp;12.44 to 243.22&nbsp;±&nbsp;43.65&nbsp;µM. For BChE Ki values were found in the range of 94.33&nbsp;±&nbsp;9.14 to 189.45&nbsp;±&nbsp;35.88&nbsp;µM. For α-glycosidase the most effective Ki values of M4 and M3 were with Ki values of 32.86&nbsp;±&nbsp;7.88 and 37.63&nbsp;±&nbsp;4.08&nbsp;µM, respectively. A series of six compounds (1a-f) possessing pyridine-pyrazole-benzenethiourea or pyridine-pyrazole-benzenesulfonamide scaffold were synthesized. The target compounds were screened to evaluate their inhibitory effect on human nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and -3 (ENPP1 and ENPP3) isoenzymes. Compounds 1c-e were the most potent inhibitors of ENPP1 with sub-micromolar IC50 values (0.69, 0.18, and 0.40&nbsp;µM, respectively. Moreover, compound 1b was the most potent inhibitor of ENPP3 (IC50&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.21&nbsp;µM). They were much more potent than the reference standard inhibitor, suramin (IC50 values against ENPP1 and -3 were 7.77 and 0.89&nbsp;µM, respectively). Furthermore, all the six compounds were investigated for cytotoxic effect against cancerous cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and 1321N1) and normal cell line (BHK-21). Compound 1e was active against all the three cancer cell lines, however, showed preferential cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (IC50&nbsp;=&nbsp;16.05&nbsp;µM), which is comparable to the potency of cisplatin. All the tested compounds exhibited low or negligible cytotoxic effect against the normal cells. They have the merit of superior selectivity towards cancer cells than normal cells compared to cisplatin. The relative selectivity and potency of the inhibitors was justified by molecular docking studies. All the docked structures showed considerable binding interactions with amino acids residues of active sites of ENPP isoenzymes. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies show that attentional bias towards threat is a key maintenance factor for panic disorder (PD). Attentional bias may be an important mechanism of symptom reduction, and thus, a useful target for optimizing outcomes. The current study examined whether an attention bias modification (ABM) task enhanced CBT outcomes. Multiple methods for assessing PD were used, including physiological measurement and clinician-rated assessment. METHODS Adults with panic disorder (N&nbsp;=&nbsp;24) received seven sessions of CBT with either ABM or sham attention tasks. Psychophysiological reaction to a loud tones startle paradigm was assessed before and after treatment. RESULTS Across both groups, panic symptom severity decreased with CBT. The ABM group showed greater reductions in PD symptoms compared to the placebo group. Notably, however, changes in attentional bias were not associated with symptom reductions across groups. No significant group differences on psychophysiological assessment were observed. LIMITATIONS This study is limited by the small sample size, which rendered our power to investigate mediators and moderators insufficient. More research is needed to validate the effect of attention bias modification on attentional bias to threat. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that future research should investigate attentional bias in conjunction with CBT. A larger sample would provide opportunity to further investigate the mechanisms through which ABM works, along with potential moderating factors and the use of psychophysiological measurements in panic disorder. This study aimed to develop a pasteurization method against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in orange juice using low concentrations of naturally derived antimicrobials, β-resorcylic acid and capric acid, under mild temperature conditions based on their synergistic bactericidal interactions. Response surface methodology was used to construct a model based on four variables, namely β-resorcylic acid (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9&nbsp;mM), capric acid (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25&nbsp;mM), treatment temperature (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55&nbsp;°C), and time (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5&nbsp;min), and the resulting model was used to predict the reduction in the content of fastidious bacteria (S. Typhimurium) in orange juice and to identify the optimal treatment combination for juice pasteurization. A second-order quadratic model for Salmonella reduction showed a high regression coefficient (R2&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.9503), and the accuracy of the predictive model was also verified (R2&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.9317). The optimal conditions determined by ridge analysis were 8.43&nbsp;mM β-resorcylic acid combined with 0.10&nbsp;mM capric acid at 43.46&nbsp;°C for 3.03&nbsp;min, and these yielded an estimated 7.41-log reduction. Treatment times 5.7-log reduction. The combined treatment did not affect either the pH or sugar concentration in brix, and average pH and sugar concentration values of 3.86 and 11.05% were observed, respectively. The distinct advantage of the developed method is its ability to effectively reduce the content of S. Typhimurium over a short time under low temperature conditions through the addition of consumer-preferred naturally derived antimicrobials. The predictive model could be used to determine the most cost-efficient amounts of antimicrobial agents and conditions (treatment temperature and time) for sterilizing orange juice. The addition of sludge alkaline fermentation liquid (SAFL) to biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes has been widely shown to reduce the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the effluent. However, knowledge regarding the effect of using SAFL in a BNR as an additional carbon source on the characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the effluent is limited. This study investigated the effect of SAFL addition on effluent DON features and microbial community dynamics in a BNR process treating municipal wastewater. The performance of SAFL was compared with other two reactors (i.e., without an external carbon source and with the addition of sodium acetate). The results showed that the addition of SAFL can significantly reduce effluent DON (p&nbsp;&nbsp;0.05). The SAFL addition led to a decreased percentage of low molecular weight DON (p&nbsp; less then &nbsp;0.05) as well as an increased ratio of fulvic-like and humic-like substances to proteins-like substances. Moreover, the SAFL addition resulted in a lower percentage of substances resembling proteins/amino sugars and a higher percentage of lignin-like molecules than sodium acetate. These features accounted for the low DON bioavailability. The SAFL promoted the increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Comamonadaceae and Rhodocyclaceae, which could be associated with the decreased effluent DON and its bioavailability. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/as1517499.html AS1517499 cost] This study indicates that using SAFL as a BNR carbon source not only improves the removal of DIN but also reduces effluent DON and specifically DON bioavailability. These results facilitate the acquisition of comprehensive knowledge regarding the use of SAFL as an alternative external carbon source in the BNR process. Graphene oxide (GO) sheets are unstable in aqueous environments, and the effect of photo-transformation on GO toxicity to freshwater algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) was investigated. Our results demonstrated that GO underwent photo-reduction under 25-day sunlight irradiation, and the transformation was generally completed at Day 8. The toxicological investigation showed that 8-day sunlight irradiation significantly increased growth inhibition of GO (25&nbsp;mg/L) to algal cells by 11.2%, due to enhanced oxidative stress and stronger membrane damage. Low molecular weight (LMW) species were produced during the 8-day GO transformation, and they were identified as two types of aromatic compounds, which played a crucial role in increasing toxicity. The combined toxicity of GO and Cu2+ ions before and after light irradiation was further investigated. Antagonistic effect was observed between the toxicity of pristine GO and co-existing Cu2+ ions. After co-irradiation of GO and Cu2+ ions for 8 days, their combined toxicity was unexpectedly lower or insignificant in comparison with the treatments of pristine GO, or pristine GO in the presence of Cu2+ ions.