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Patients undergoing dialysis are at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and preferably should undergo HCC surveillance. We investigated the utility of HCC tumor markers for HCC surveillance in patients undergoing dialysis.<br /><br /> Three serum markers specific for HCC, namely alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Lens culinaris agglutinin A-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3) and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), were measured in dialysis patients with and without a diagnosis of HCC (n = 60 and 507, respectively). The predictive value of each marker and that of a diagnostic score (GALAD score) based on patient age and gender as well as the same three markers were evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, as well as sensitivity and specificity.<br /><br /> AFP, DCP and the GALAD scores showed high predictive values for HCC, with areas under the ROC curve of &gt;0.85. This effectiveness remained when focusing on small HCC (≤3 cm or ≤2 cm) or early-stage HCC (Stage I), as well as after propensity score matching of background characteristics of HCC and non-HCC patients. In particular, DCP and GALAD score had excellent predictive abilities for HCC.<br /><br /> Measuring serum tumor markers for HCC can serve as a complement to imaging studies in the surveillance of HCC in patients undergoing dialysis, and reduce the likelihood of advanced HCC at detection and diagnosis.<br /><br />Measuring serum tumor markers for HCC can serve as a complement to imaging studies in the surveillance of HCC in patients undergoing dialysis, and reduce the likelihood of advanced HCC at detection and diagnosis.<br /><br /> cognitive impairment is highly prevalent among older patients attending the Emergency Department (ED) and is associated with adverse outcomes.<br /><br /> we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cognitive screening instruments to rule out cognitive impairment in older patients in the ED. A comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL. A risk of bias assessment using QUADAS-2 was performed.<br /><br /> 23 articles, examining 18 different index tests were included. Only seven index tests could be included in the meta-analysis. For ruling out cognitive impairment irrespective of aetiology, Ottawa 3DayYear (O3DY) (pooled sensitivity 0.90; (95% CI) 0.71-0.97) had the highest sensitivity. Fourteen articles focused on screening for cognitive impairment specifically caused by delirium. For ruling out delirium, the 4 A's Test (4AT) showed highest sensitivity (pooled sensitivity 0.87, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.74-0.94).<br /><br /> high clinical and methodological heterogeneity was found between included studies. Therefore, it is a challenge to recommend one diagnostic test for use as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in the ED. The 4AT and O3DY seem most promising for ruling out cognitive impairment in older patients attending the ED.The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018082509).<br /><br />high clinical and methodological heterogeneity was found between included studies. Therefore, it is a challenge to recommend one diagnostic test for use as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in the ED. The 4AT and O3DY seem most promising for ruling out cognitive impairment in older patients attending the ED.The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018082509).Estimates of seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies have been hampered by inadequate assay sensitivity and specificity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based approach that combines data about immunoglobulin G responses to both the nucleocapsid and spike receptor binding domain antigens, we show that excellent sensitivity and specificity can be achieved. We used this assay to assess the frequency of virus-specific antibodies in a cohort of elective surgery patients in Australia and estimated seroprevalence in Australia to be 0.28% (95% Confidence Interval, 0-1.15%). These data confirm the low level of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Australia before July 2020 and validate the specificity of our assay.<br /><br /> The stability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on human skin remains unknown, considering the hazards of viral exposure to humans. We generated a model that allows the safe reproduction of clinical studies on the application of pathogens to human skin and elucidated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on the human skin.<br /><br /> We evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV), mixed with culture medium or upper respiratory mucus, on human skin surfaces and the dermal disinfection effectiveness of 80% (w/w) ethanol against SARS-CoV-2 and IAV.<br /><br /> SARS-CoV-2 and IAV were inactivated more rapidly on skin surfaces than on other surfaces (stainless steel/glass/plastic); the survival time was significantly longer for SARS-CoV-2 than for IAV [9.04h (95% confidence interval 7.96-10.2h) vs. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/acss2-inhibitor.html Selleck ACSS2 inhibitor] 1.82h (1.65-2.00h)]. IAV on other surfaces was inactivated faster in mucus versus medium conditions, while SARS-CoV-2 showed similar stability in the mucus and medium; the survival time was significantly longer for SARS-CoV-2 than for IAV [11.09h (10.22-12.00h) vs. 1.69h (1.57-1.81h)]. Moreover, both SARS-CoV-2 and IAV in the mucus/medium on human skin were completely inactivated within 15s by ethanol treatment.<br /><br /> The 9-h survival of SARS-CoV-2 on human skin may increase the risk of contact transmission in comparison with IAV, thus accelerating the pandemic. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections.<br /><br />The 9-h survival of SARS-CoV-2 on human skin may increase the risk of contact transmission in comparison with IAV, thus accelerating the pandemic. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections.<br /><br /> Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could provide treatment alternatives to stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), given some evidence for improvements in cognition and clinical symptoms. However, despite a lack of solid evidence for their use, rTMS and tDCS are already offered clinically and commercially in ADHD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically appraise rTMS and tDCS studies in ADHD to inform good research and clinical practice.<br /><br /> A systematic search (up to February 2019) identified 18 studies (rTMS 4, tDCS 14; 311 children and adults with ADHD) stimulating mainly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). We included 12 anodal tDCS studies (232 children and adults with ADHD) in 3 random-effects meta-analyses of cognitive measures of attention, inhibition and processing speed.<br /><br /> The review of rTMS and tDCS showed positive effects in some functions but not others, and little evidence for clinical improvement.