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FGF8-FGFR1 signaling activities for the novel FGFR1 variants (p.Y339H, p.S681I, and p.N185Kfs*16) were reduced by in vitro functional assay, indicating loss-of-function mutations. Conclusions This study identified seven rare sequence variants in FGFR1 in patients with KS and nIHH. Probands with an FGFR1 mutations displayed a wide phenotypic spectrum ranging from KS to anosmia. A prepubertal male with anosmia should be followed up to assess pubertal development because they can manifest hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after puberty. These results expand the phenotypic spectrum of FGFR1 mutations and suggest a broader biologic role of FGFR1 in reproduction.The diverse and highly individual presentations of Parkinson's disease (PD) as a complex combination of motor and non-motor symptoms are being increasingly well characterised not least through large patient cohorts applying deep phenotyping. However, in terms of treatment of PD, the approach is uniform and purely symptomatic. Better stratification strategies with better precision medicine approaches offer opportunities to improve symptomatic treatment, define first causative therapies and provide more patient-centred care. Insight from targeted therapies for monogenic forms of PD aiming at neuroprotection may pave the way for new mechanism-based interventions also for the more common idiopathic PD. Improved stratification of patients may support symptomatic treatments by predicting treatment efficacy and long-term benefit of current pharmacological or neuromodulatory therapies, e.g. in the context of emerging pharmacogenomic knowledge. Based on asymptomatic carriers with monogenic PD or patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), first options for applying preventive treatments emerge. The implications of these treatment strategies in relation to disease progression, and the prospects of their implementation in clinical practice need to be addressed.BMIz-score (BMIz) is commonly used to assess childhood obesity. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/itf3756.html ITF3756] Whether change in BMIz score predicts change in visceral fat remains unclear. The objective of the work was to study changes in visceral fat, cardiovascular fitness (CVF), and metabolic health over 6 months in children with stable/decreased-BMIz vs. increased-BMIz. Ninety children with obesity, referred for lifestyle intervention were studied (mean age 11±3.1 years, 50% girls, 22% Hispanic). Assessment included abdominal and total fat by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), sub-maximal VO2 for CVF, anthropometrics, and fasting insulin, glucose, HDL-C, triglycerides, AST and ALT at 0 and 6 months. Sixty-three children (70%) showed a stable/decrease in BMIz over 6 months. There was no significant change in total body fat between groups (-1.3±2.9% in BMIz-stable/down vs. - 0.6 ± 2.6% BMIz-up, p=0.459); however, BMIz-stable/down group showed a decrease in visceral fat compared to the BMIz-up group (-258±650 g vs.+137±528 g, p=0.009). BMIz-stable/down group also demonstrated increased CVF (+1.2 ml/kg/min, p less then 0.001), not seen in the BMIz-up group. Neither group had significant changes in metabolic markers. Preventing BMIz increase in obese children predicts a significant decrease in visceral fat even if total body fat is unchanged. This is often associated with increased fitness. Thus, increasing fitness level and keeping BMI stable are strategic initial goals for obese children.Background and objectives Frailty describes an increased vulnerability to adverse events such as disease or injury. Combatting this state remains a major challenge for geriatric research. By exploring how and why frailty changes throughout later life we will be better positioned to improve ways of identifying and treating those at high risk. Research design and methods We systematically reviewed publications that captured rate of frailty progression over time and established any associated risk or protective factors that affected this progression. We included longitudinal observational studies which quantified frailty trajectories in adults aged 50+ using any validated continuous frailty measurement tool. Results After screening 8,318 publications, 25 met our criteria. Findings show that despite a great degree of heterogeneity in the literature, progression of frailty is unquestionably affected by numerous risk and protective factors, with particular influence exhibited by social demographics, brain pathology, and physical co-morbidities. Discussion and implications Findings that the gradient of frailty progression is affected by various influencing factors are valuable to clinicians and policymakers as will help identify those at highest frailty risk and inform prevention strategies. However, the heterogeneous methodological approaches of the publications included in this review highlights the need for consensus within the field to promote more coordinated research. Improved consistency of methods will enable further data synthesis and facilitate a greater understanding of the shape of frailty over time and the influencing factors contributing to change, the results of which could have crucial implications for frailty risk reduction.Silicon is absorbed by plant roots as silicic acid. The acid moves with the transpiration stream to the shoot, and mineralizes as silica. In grasses, leaf epidermal cells called silica cells deposit silica in most of their volume by unknown mechanism. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a previously uncharacterized protein in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), which we named Siliplant1 (Slp1). Slp1 is a basic protein with seven repeat units rich in proline, lysine, and glutamic acid. We found Slp1 RNA in sorghum immature leaf and immature inflorescence. In leaves, transcription was highest just before the active silicification zone (ASZ). There, Slp1 was localized specifically to developing silica cells, packed inside vesicles and scattered throughout the cytoplasm or near the cell boundary. These vesicles fused with the membrane, releasing their content in the apoplastic space. A short peptide that is repeated five times in Slp1 precipitated silica in vitro at a biologically relevant silicic acid concentration. Transient overexpression of Slp1 in sorghum resulted in ectopic silica deposition in all leaf epidermal cell-types. Our results show that Slp1 precipitates silica in sorghum silica cells.Tropical mountains are cradles of biodiversity and endemism. Sundaland, tropical Southeast Asia, hosts three species of Rattus endemic to elevations above 2,000 m with an apparent convergence in external morphology Rattus korinchi and R. hoogerwerfi from Sumatra, and R. baluensis from Borneo. A fourth one, R. tiomanicus, is restricted to lowland elevations across the whole region. The origins of these endemics are little known due to the absence of a robust phylogenetic framework. We use complete mitochondrial genomes from the three high altitude Rattus, and several related species to determine their relationships, date divergences, reconstruct their history of colonization and test for selection on the mitochondrial DNA. We show that mountain colonization happened independently in Borneo ( less then 390 Kya) and Sumatra (~1.38 Mya), likely from lowland lineages. The origin of the Bornean endemic R. baluensis is very recent and its genetic diversity is nested within the diversity of R. tiomanicus. We found weak evidence of positive selection in the high-elevation lineages, and attributed the greater non-synonymous mutations on these branches (specially R. baluensis) to lesser purifying selection having acted on the terminal branches in the phylogeny.Nitrogen (N) is a major element necessary for crop yield. In most plants, organic nitrogen is primarily transported in the form of amino acids. Here, we show that OsAAP1 (Amino Acid Permease 1) functions as a positive regulator of growth and grain yield in rice. We found that the OsAAP1 gene is highly expressed in rice axillary buds, leaves, and young panicles and that the OsAAP1 protein is localized to both the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. Compared with the wild type ZH11, OsAAP1 overexpressing (OE) lines exhibited increased filled grain numbers as a result of enhanced tillering while RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR (Osaap1) knockout lines showed the opposite phenotype. In addition, OsAAP1-OE lines had higher concentrations of neutral and acidic amino acids, but lower concentrations of basic amino acids in the straw. An exogenous treatment with neutral amino acids more strongly promoted axillary bud outgrowth in the OE lines than that in the WT, RNAi or Osaap1 lines. Transcriptome analysis of Osaap1 further demonstrated that OsAAP1 may affect the nitrogen transport and metabolism, auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone signaling in regulating rice tillering. Taken together, these results support that increasing neutral amino acid uptake and reallocation via OsAAP1 could improve growth and grain yield in rice.Context Control of multiple cardiovascular (CV) risk factors reduces CV events in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective To investigate this association in a contemporary clinical trial population, including how CV risk factor control affects the CV benefits of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor. Design Post hoc analysis. Setting Randomized CV outcomes trial (EMPA-REG OUTCOME). Intervention Empagliflozin or placebo. Main outcome measures Risk of CV outcomes - including treatment effect of empagliflozin - by achievement of seven goals for CV risk factor control at baseline glycated hemoglobin 0.05 for treatment-by-subgroup interactions). Conclusions CV risk in EMPA-REG OUTCOME was inversely associated with baseline CV risk factor control. Empagliflozin's cardioprotective effect was consistent regardless of multiple baseline risk factor control.Most epidemiological studies of disease aetiology do not consider potential risk factors at work. This may be because work is a complex exposure people usually have a series of different jobs over their working lifetime; within each job there may be a range of different tasks; and there may be a variety of exposures in each job. Because of this complexity, many epidemiologists do not have the expertise or training to assess occupational exposures accurately. Our web-based application, OccIDEAS, manages the process of occupational agent assessment in epidemiological studies. The epidemiologist chooses the agents of interest for the study and OccIDEAS provides an online set of questionnaires that are tailored to those agents. The participant is asked specific questions about their job and evidence-based algorithms provide an assessment of exposure to each agent. OccIDEAS puts the world's best occupational epidemiological expertise within reach of any researcher.Study question Are women who fill a benzodiazepine prescription before conception at increased risk of ectopic pregnancy? Summary answer Risk of ectopic pregnancy is 50% higher among women who fill a benzodiazepine prescription before conception. What is known already Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, adverse birth outcomes and adverse child development outcomes. Study design, size, duration Using data from US commercial insurance claims, we performed a cohort study of 1 691 366 pregnancies between 1 November 2008 and 30 September 2015. Participants/materials, setting, methods We identified ectopic pregnancies using diagnosis and procedure codes and used unadjusted and inverse probability of treatment (IPT)-weighted log-binomial models to calculate relative risks (RR) of ectopic pregnancy for pregnant women who did and did not fill any prescriptions for benzodiazepines in the 90 days before conception. Two sub-groups of women with specific indications for benzodiazepine use were also examined-women who had a least one diagnosis for anxiety disorder and women who had at least one diagnosis of insomnia in the year before conception.