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The data set was analyzed both statistically with Jamovi 2.0.0 software and ANNs. The results showed that the minimum and maximum aperture values obtained from the dental guides were very close to each other, indicating that the guides were compatible with the mandible bone. The statistical results showed that the dimensional aperture values decrease in proportion to the values with minimum arithmetic mean value in the data set, and it was determined that the dental guide-3 was the most suitable model for the mandible. When all test data in the confusion matrix obtained from ten different aritificial neural network models created using ANNs were examined, it was been seen that ANN model-5 was the most successful model with an accuracy rate of 99%.Research on the mechanical properties of brain tissue has gradually deepened recently. Two indentation protocols were used here to characterize the mechanical properties of cortical tissues. Further, histological staining was used to explore the correlation between the mechanical properties and microstructure on the basis of the density of cell nuclei and proteoglycan content. No significant difference was observed in transient contact stiffness between the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex at the depth interval of 0-600 μm under the cortical surface; however, the average shear modulus of the cerebral cortex was higher than that of the cerebellar cortex. The cerebral cortex responded more quickly to the change in load and released stress more thoroughly than the cerebellar cortex. In addition, the density of cell nuclei was related to both the transient contact stiffness and second time constant of cortical tissues. Proteoglycan content had a more significant impact on the shear modulus, second time constant, and stress relaxation rate of cortical tissues. Exploring mechanical properties thoroughly will provide more detailed mechanical information for future brain chip implantation. Alternatively, linking the mechanical properties of cortical tissues to the microstructure can provide basic data for the design and manufacture of substitute materials for brain tissue.<br /><br /> To investigate the volumetric and vertical loss of occlusal splints manufactured by conventional (heat-cure), subtractive (CAD/CAM) and additive (3D-printing) methods.<br /><br /> Six occlusal splint materials were investigated (n=126), using three manufacturing methods heat-cured, CAD/CAM and 3D-printed built-in three different printing angles (0°,45°and 90°). Block-on-ring wear testing was performed with extracted human molars as the antagonist. All samples were tested with an applied force of 49N at 1Hz and 60RPM in artificial saliva at 37°C for six and 12 months. Scanning electron microscopy images were analysed to evaluate the wear on the tooth enamel and in the splint material. Volumetric and vertical wear loss were statistically analysed.<br /><br /> The lowest volumetric and vertical loss was observed in CAD-CAM materials (6.44±1.77 mm<br /><br /> and 48.3±7.14μm) with no statistical significance to the heat-cured material (17.22±9.23 mm<br /><br /> and 148±121.1μm) after 12 months (p&lt;0.172). The mean volumetric loss of 3D printed mateunder SEM for any tested materials.The uneven geographical distribution of the novel coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) in Italy is a puzzle given the intense flow of movements among the different geographical areas before lockdown decisions. To shed light on it, we test the effect of the quality of air (as measured by particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide) and lockdown restrictions on daily adverse COVID-19 outcomes during the first pandemic wave in the country. We find that air pollution is positively correlated with adverse outcomes of the pandemic, with lockdown being strongly significant and more effective in reducing deceases in more polluted areas. Results are robust to different methods including cross-section, pooled and fixed-effect panel regressions (controlling for spatial correlation), instrumental variable regressions, and difference-in-differences estimates of lockdown decisions through predicted counterfactual trends. They are consistent with the consolidated body of literature in previous medical studies suggesting that poor quality of air creates chronic exposure to adverse outcomes from respiratory diseases. The estimated correlation does not change when accounting for other factors such as temperature, commuting flows, quality of regional health systems, share of public transport users, population density, the presence of Chinese community, and proxies for industry breakdown such as the share of small (artisan) firms. Our findings provide suggestions for investigating uneven geographical distribution patterns in other countries, and have implications for environmental and lockdown policies.Drinking-water contamination with nitrate ions is inevitable and wide spreading, which demands feasible removal. Water de-nitration by potentiostatic electroreduction is described here. A novel electrocatalyst based on nano-copper particles, supported onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and spray-deposited onto fluorine doped tin oxide-glass substrates, is described. The Cu/MWCNT/FTO electrode has been characterized by several methods and assessed as a working electrode in aqueous nitrate ion electroreduction, in comparison with MWCNT sprayed on FTO (MWCNT/FTO) with no copper. Comparison with earlier reported electrodes is also described. XRD patterns confirm the presence of nano-copper crystallites, in the electrode, with average size ⁓45 nm. Within 2 h of electrolysis, Cu/MWVNT/FTO exhibits more than 65% removal of nitrate at -1.80 V (vs. SCE). In longer time (7 h) the electrode completely converts the nitrate into N2 (∼65%) and (NH4+) ∼35% with no NO2- ions. The kinetics show 0.76 order with respect to nitrate, and a rate constant 4.53 × 10-2 min-1 higher than earlier counterparts. The new electrode functions under various conditions of temperature, pH, electrolyte type and concentration and inter-electrode spacing, only at ambient applied potential. Moreover, the electrode exhibits stability under nitrate electroreduction conditions, and can be recovered and reused for multiple times without efficiency loss. XRD and EDS results also confirm the electrode stability after multiple reuse. Compared to earlier systems, the Cu/MWCNT/FTO is environmentally stable, safe, non-costly with high nitrate removal efficiency and selectivity.The presence of unstable heavy metals in sewage sludge (SS) restricts its resource utilization. In this study, Ca(H2PO4)2 and SS were co-pyrolyzed to produce biochar, which contained relatively stable heavy metals. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission techniques were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties and heavy metal content of the biochar. The results indicated that co-pyrolysis of SS with Ca(H2PO4)2 resulted in the production of more stable heavy metals in the SS. The optimal co-pyrolysis conditions were a blended ratio of 15% Ca(H2PO4)2, 650 °C final temperature, 15 °C min-1, and 60 min retention time. The potential stabilization mechanisms of heavy metals were as follows (1) organic decomposition and moisture (sourced from Ca(H2PO4)2 decomposition) evaporation resulted in greater biochar surface porosity; (2) phosphorous substances were complexed with heavy metals to form metal phosphates; and (3) the mixture reactions among inorganic substances, pyrolysis products of organics, and heavy metals resulted in the formation of highly aromatic metallic compounds. Additionally, the potential environmental risks posed by the heavy metals decreased from 65.73 (in SS) to 4.39 (in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of SS and 15% of Ca(H2PO4)2). This study reports on a good approach for the disposal of SS and the reduction of its environmental risk.Following the strict environmental policies of various countries, the strong alkalinity of bauxite residue (BR) has become a worldwide problem limiting the sustainable development of the global alumina industry. Continuous conversion of solid-phase alkalinity to free alkali is a major challenge for BR dealkalization to reduce its environmental impact. This work aimed to investigate the effect of mechanical grinding pretreatment on the transformation mechanisms of alkaline solids to free alkali at the BR interface under acids leaching, by monitoring the morphology, phase, and speciation transformations of Al and Si using primarily cross-section scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that particle grinding wrapped some of the alkaline minerals inside the particles to inhibit its release process. The leaching kinetics revealed the order of the buffering effect of minerals against acids leaching is firstly dissolved by minerals containing Na and Ca via the ion-exchange process, followed by Si and Al through the hydrolysis of the desilicated products. The mineral dissemination characteristics and surface compositions further confirmed the undissolved minerals block the interface reaction between embedded alkaline solids and acids to result in the difficult reaction dissolution of alkaline minerals, which is induced by ball milling. This novel approach provides new insight into the efficient dealkalization of BR on a large scale in the industry.Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key soil quality indicator, as it is a source and storage of plant nutrients and plays a vital role in soil fertility and productivity maintenance. Intensification of agriculture is known to cause SOC decline; however, much of the evidence stems from field-scale experimental trials. The primary aim of this study is to investigate how more than 20 years of agricultural land use intensification in Bangladesh has influenced SOC levels at landscape levels. This was achieved by revisiting in 2012 four sub-sites from the Brahmaputra and Ganges alluviums which were previously sampled (1989-92) by the Soil Resource Development Institute and collecting 190 new samples. These were located at different elevations and subjected to differing amounts of inundation. The SOC was determined using the same method, potassium dichromate wet oxidation, used in the 1989-92 campaign. A comparison of the SOC in the 2012 samples with their historic levels (1989-92) revealed that overall SOC declined significantly across both alluviums as well at their four sub-sites. Further analysis, however, showed that SOC has declined more at higher sites. The higher sites are inundated to a limited level, which makes them suitable for growing multiple crops. Among the land types considered here, the low land sites (because of their topographical position) remain inundated for a greater part of the year, allowing a maximum of only one crop of submerged rice. As a result of reduced biomass decomposition due to anaerobic conditions when inundated, and lower land use/cropping intensity, SOC accretion has occurred in the lower land sites. The SOC levels in South Asian countries are inherently low and agricultural land use intensification fuelled by growing food production demand is causing further SOC loss, which has the potential to jeopardise food security and increase the environmental impact of agriculture.