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Moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis in people living with HIV without viral hepatitis or excessive alcohol intake was associated with cumulative exposure to stavudine, elvitegravir and raltegravir. Prospective trials are required to establish a causal association.Chloroplast lipids are synthesized via two distinct pathways the plastidic pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway. [https://www.selleckchem.com/ selleck compound] We previously reported that the contribution of the two pathways toward chloroplast development is different between mesophyll cells and guard cells in Arabidopsis leaf tissues, and that the ER pathway plays a major role in guard cell chloroplast development. However, little is known about the contribution of the two pathways toward chloroplast development in other tissue cells, and in this study, we focused on the root cells. Chloroplast development is normally repressed in roots but can be induced when the roots are detached from the shoots (root greening). We found that similar to guard cells, root cells exhibit a higher proportion of glycolipid from the ER pathway. Root greening was repressed in the gles1 mutant, which has a defect in ER-to-plastid lipid transportation via the ER pathway, while normal root greening was observed in the ats1 mutant, whose plastidic pathway is blocked. Lipid analysis revealed that the gles1 mutation caused drastic decrease in the ER-derived glycolipids in roots. Furthermore, the gles1 detached roots showed smaller chloroplasts containing little starch than WT. These results suggest that the ER pathway has a significant contribution toward chloroplast development in the root cells.<br /><br /> To define the pattern of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (EGPA) and propose an algorithm for heart disease screening.<br /><br /> Retrospective study of EGPA patients attending a specialized vasculitis clinic (1989-2016). Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular evaluation (CE) results (serum troponin, ECG, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance) were collected and compared according to symptoms and inflammatory cardiac disease (ICD).<br /><br /> 131 EGPA patients were included, of whom 96 (73%) had undergone CE. The median age was 50 [IQR 38-58] years and 36% showed ANCA+. Asthma preceded diagnosis by a median of 97 [36-240] months. Among the 96 patients who underwent CE, 43% were symptomatic, being dyspnea (47%) and chest pain (29%) the predominant symptoms. In asymptomatic patients, CE reported abnormalities in 45% of cases with a subsequent earlier diagnosis (4 vs 11 months). Overall, 27 patients had EGPA-related ICD (rICD) that was already present at diagnosis in 20 cases, preceded it in 2 cases and developed later in 5. EGPA-rICD patients were younger (46 vs 50 years; p= 0.04), had more frequently abnormal ECG (30.8% vs 2.1%; p&lt; 0.001), negative ANCA (85% vs 69%; NS), higher BVAS score (3 vs 1; p= 0.005), higher eosinophil count (5.60 vs 1.60x109/l; p= 0.029) and higher C reactive protein (52 vs 15 mg/l; p= 0.017). Overall, 11% of cases with EGPA-rICD were asymptomatic.<br /><br /> In our study, 45% of asymptomatic patients had an abnormal baseline cardiac evaluation, which allowed an earlier diagnosis of cardiac disease. We recommend prompt cardiac screening in all EGPA patients, instead of a symptoms-guided algorithm.<br /><br />In our study, 45% of asymptomatic patients had an abnormal baseline cardiac evaluation, which allowed an earlier diagnosis of cardiac disease. We recommend prompt cardiac screening in all EGPA patients, instead of a symptoms-guided algorithm.<br /><br /> Guidelines worldwide recommend potassium replacement of 10 to 40 mmol/L in the initial fluid therapy for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. However, evidence is lacking as to the association between infused potassium concentration and mortality.<br /><br /> We aimed to determine the association between infused potassium concentration and in-hospital mortality.<br /><br /> Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we retrospectively identified inpatients admitted for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis from July 2010 to March 2018. Patients with kidney dysfunction or serum potassium abnormalities were excluded. We evaluated the association of the potassium concentration in the total infused solutions in the first 2 days of hospitalization with 28-day in-hospital mortality using multivariable regression analysis with a cubic spline model. We also assessed the association between potassium concentration and occurrence of hyperkalemia.<br /><br /> We identified 14 216 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and observed 261 deaths. The quartile cut-points for potassium concentration were 7.7, 11.4, and 16.1 mmol/L. Within the range of approximately 10 to 40 mmol/L, potassium concentration was not associated with occurrence of hyperkalemia or death. Lower potassium concentrations were associated with higher 28-day in-hospital mortality; the odds ratio for patients receiving 8 mmol/L was 1.69 (95% CI, 1.03 to 2.78; reference 20 mmol/L), and the odds ratio increased monotonically as potassium concentration decreased further.<br /><br /> Patients receiving potassium replacement at concentrations of 10 to 40 mmol/L had similar in-hospital mortality rates, whereas lower concentrations were associated with higher mortality.<br /><br />Patients receiving potassium replacement at concentrations of 10 to 40 mmol/L had similar in-hospital mortality rates, whereas lower concentrations were associated with higher mortality.Carotenoids provide precursors for the biosynthesis of strigolactones (SLs), which are a new class of hormones that are essential in phosphate (Pi) signaling during plant development. Carotenoid metabolism is a finely tuned pathway but our understanding of the regulation mechanisms is still limited. In this study, we isolated a protein designated as CsPHL3 from citrus. CsPHL3 belonged to the Pi starvation response factor (PHR)-like subclade and was up-regulated by low Pi. Acting as a nucleus-localized protein with transactivation activity, CsPHL3 bound directly to activate the promoter of a key metabolic gene, lycopene β-cyclase1 (LCYb1). Transgenic analysis revealed that the CsPHL3-overexpressing tomato plants exhibited abnormal growth, like the plants grew under limited Pi conditions. The transgenic lines showed reduced carotenoid contents, elevated expression of LCYb genes but downregulation of other key carotenogenic genes including phytoene synthase (PSY). Moreover, CsPHL3 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and affected Pi signaling in the transgenic plants.