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sease process.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia affecting millions each year across the world, though still remains incurable. This might be attributed to the lack of knowledge about the associated proteins, their cellular and molecular mechanisms, and the genesis of the disease. The discovery of drugs that earlier revolved around targeting the amyloid-β cascade has now been reformed with the upgraded knowledge of the cross-seeding ability of tau protein which opens new gateways for therapeutic targets. This article provides a comprehensive review of various direct and indirect connecting pathways between the two main proteins involved in development and progression of AD, enabling us to further expand our repertoire of information regarding the etiology of AD. The current review indicates the need for extensive research in this niche, thus considerable advances can be made in understanding AD which eventually helps to improve the current therapeutics against AD.<br /><br /> Mutations in <br /><br /> (<br /><br /> ) cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOfAD) but their mode of action remains elusive. One consistent observation for all <br /><br /> gene mutations causing EOfAD is that a transcript is produced with a reading frame terminated by the normal stop codon-the "reading frame preservation rule". Mutations that do not obey this rule do not cause the disease. The reasons for this are debated.<br /><br /> To predict cellular functions affected by heterozygosity for a frameshift, or a reading frame-preserving mutation in zebrafish <br /><br /> using bioinformatic techniques.<br /><br /> A frameshift mutation (<br /><br /> ) and a reading frame-preserving (in-frame) mutation (<br /><br /> ) were previously isolated during genome editing directed at the N140 codon of zebrafish <br /><br /> (equivalent to N141 of human <br /><br /> ). We mated a pair of fish heterozygous for each mutation to generate a family of siblings including wild type and heterozygous mutant genotypes. Transcriptomes from young adult (6 months) brains of these genotypes were analyzed.<br /><br /> The in-frame mutation uniquely caused subtle, but statistically significant, changes to expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, long-term potentiation and the cell cycle. The frameshift mutation uniquely affected genes involved in Notch and MAPK signaling, extracellular matrix receptor interactions and focal adhesion. Both mutations affected ribosomal protein gene expression but in opposite directions.<br /><br /> A frameshift and an in-frame mutation at the same position in zebrafish <br /><br /> cause discrete effects. Changes in oxidative phosphorylation, long-term potentiation and the cell cycle may promote EOfAD pathogenesis in humans.<br /><br />A frameshift and an in-frame mutation at the same position in zebrafish psen2 cause discrete effects. Changes in oxidative phosphorylation, long-term potentiation and the cell cycle may promote EOfAD pathogenesis in humans.We sought to determine whether skin conductance level could warn of outbursts of combative behavior in dementia patients by using a wristband device. Two outbursts were captured and are reported here. Although no physiologic parameter measured by the wristband gave advance warning, there is a common pattern of parasympathetic withdrawal (increased heart rate) followed approximately 30 seconds later by sympathetic activation (increased skin conductance). In the literature, a similar pattern occurs in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. We hypothesize that similar autonomic responses reflect similarities in pathophysiology and that physical activity may partially account for the time course of skin conductance.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia worldwide. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Floxuridine.html selleck] Although no formal curative therapy exists for the treatment of AD, considerable research has been performed to identify biomarkers for early detection of this disease, and thus improved subsequent management. Given that the eye can be examined and imaged non-invasively with relative ease, it has emerged as an exciting area of research for evidence of biomarkers and to aid in the early diagnosis of AD. This review explores the current understanding of both protein and retinal imaging biomarkers in the eye. Herein, primary findings in the literature regarding AD biomarkers associated with the lens, retina, and other ocular structures are reviewed.<br /><br /> A 57-year-old right-handed man was admitted to the Treviso Memory Clinic due to the presence of memory forgetfulness, repetition of the same questions, episodes of confusion, initial difficulties in performing complex tasks and easy distraction over the past two years, as well as recurrent and never-happened-before car accidents.<br /><br /> We report a peculiar case of an early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) with an unusual symptomatology, apparently not fitting in any of the categorized atypical forms of AD nor being representative of a typical amnestic AD.<br /><br /> The patient underwent a neuropsychological, structural, and metabolic cerebral evaluation by MRI and <br /><br /> F-FDG PET, together with the search for cerebral amyloid (amyloid PET), a genetic testing for dementia related genes and the dosage of CSF protein biomarkers of neurodegenerative conditions.<br /><br /> We observed a convergence of predominant frontal (dysexecutive, verbal disinhibition) and posterior (visuospatial) features of cognitive impairment. Structural MRI sequences showed subarachnoid spaces of the vault enlarged in the fronto-parietal region with anterior and posterior cortical atrophy. The hippocampus appeared preserved. The <br /><br /> F-FDG PET scans showed hypometabolism in the prefrontal, lateral temporal, posterior parietal, and occipital regions bilaterally. The <br /><br /> F-Flutemetamol scan showed a diffused uptake of the amyloid tracer at the cerebral cortex. CSF biomarkers were compatible with Alzheimer's disease (AD).<br /><br /> This case report presented with clinical phenotypic aspects atypical of AD, both frontal and posterior, never described as concomitant in the most accredited criteria for atypical AD, and appeared therefore more atypical than each of the atypical AD phenotypes already reported.<br /><br />This case report presented with clinical phenotypic aspects atypical of AD, both frontal and posterior, never described as concomitant in the most accredited criteria for atypical AD, and appeared therefore more atypical than each of the atypical AD phenotypes already reported.