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Expanded monitoring at district level is warranted as a major way forward in characterizing immunization inequalities in Pakistan.<br /><br /> Three global reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) report trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking from 2000 to 2025 based on data from national surveys.<br /><br /> The is study aimed to (i) compare current and projected prevalence rates of tobacco smoking presented in these reports for males ≥ 15 years in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region; and (ii) assess changes in the prevalence rates in the context of changes in tobacco monitoring and control policies in these countries.<br /><br /> Regional and country-level data on tobacco smoking were extracted from the trend reports. Percentage point differences between the estimated prevalence of tobacco smoking in 2010 and the projected prevalence in 2025 were calculated for countries with available data. Data on implementation of national surveys and policies on tobacco use were obtained from relevant WHO reports.<br /><br /> In the latest trend report (2019), the prevalence of male current tobacco smoking is projected to decrease by less than 2 percentage points in the Region (from 33.1% in 2010 to 31.2% in 2025). The projections for male tobacco smoking for 2025 in the 2019 report are more encouraging than in the 2015 report in seven of the eight countries of the Region. For five of these seven countries, implementation of tobacco monitoring and tobacco control policies improved over the same period.<br /><br /> Countries of the Region need to conduct additional national tobacco-use surveys to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates and projections. Such data can help guide policy-makers to implement policies to control tobacco smoking.<br /><br />Countries of the Region need to conduct additional national tobacco-use surveys to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates and projections. Such data can help guide policy-makers to implement policies to control tobacco smoking.<br /><br /> Primary toxoplasmosis early in pregnancy may cause fetal pathology. Understanding and documenting serological epidemiology and associated risk factors about Toxoplasma gondii infection is crucial to offering appropriate interventions to prevent such fetal pathology.<br /><br /> To determine the seroepidemiological status and major risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among pregnant women in Kuwait.<br /><br /> This was an observational cross-sectional multicentre descriptive study. Blood samples and sociodemographic information were collected from 280 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-5461.html selleck kinase inhibitor] The blood samples were screened with VIDAS Toxo-IgG/IgM and SERIONE IgG/IgM and IgG avidity assays to detect T. gondii-specific antibodies.<br /><br /> Overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies among pregnant women was 12.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Only two IgG-positive women had low IgG avidity suggesting acute infection. No significant association was observed between seroprevalence and known risk factors for toxoplasmosis.<br /><br /> This is believed to be the first study of T. gondii infection and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Kuwait. The seroprevalence rate of 12.5% is one of the lowest in the Middle East. There was no significant association between T. gondii seroprevalence and known risk factors. This may have been due to the high education level (&gt;94%) among pregnant women that may have changed women's behavior during pregnany, thus minimizing transmission of toxoplasmosis.<br /><br />94%) among pregnant women that may have changed women's behavior during pregnany, thus minimizing transmission of toxoplasmosis.<br /><br /> Active participation in health research plays an integral role in the development and implementation of evidence-based health interventions and policies.<br /><br /> To assess public willingness and determinants of participation in public health research.<br /><br /> A cross-sectional survey targeting Saudi residents aged &gt; 16 years from the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia, using computer-assisted telephone interviews. We assessed the sociodemographic of participants, participants' involvement in research, their acceptance to participate, barriers hindering their participation, and their willingness to be involved in future health research. Pearson's χ<br /><br /> and logistic regression analyses were used to explore determinants.<br /><br /> There were 2512 participants in this study. Three hundred and seventy one (14.8%) confirmed that they had been invited previously to participate in research studies and 271 (73%) accepted the invitation. The majority (92%, n = 2319) of participants were willing to participate in future research. Being a young ipation levels in health research still need improvement.<br /><br /> Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. There is no disease-specific tool for GC risk assessment in research and practice settings within the Iranian sociocultural context.<br /><br /> To develop and assess the psychometric properties of the Gastric Cancer Behavioral Risk Assessment Inventory (GC-BRAI) in GC patients in Northwest Islamic Republic of Iran.<br /><br /> Face-to-face interviews were performed on a convenient sample of 175 GC patients and a purposive sample of 350 matched non-GC patients as a control group. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to appraise the structure validity of GC-BRAI and examine its possible latent constructs.<br /><br /> The designed instrument with its 5 latent factors indicated acceptable internal consistency (0.72), reliability (0.99) and fit indices (χ<br /><br /> /degrees of freedom = 2.24, root mean square error of approximation = 0.049, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.91 and root mean square residual = 0.085). The identified components were specific nutritional behaviours, typical daily diet, routine heartburn-causing behaviours or foods in diet, daily use of rice and smoked foods, and tobacco smoking/alcohol consumption, which all indicated a significant association (P= 0.0001) with high-risk of GC.<br /><br /> GC-BRAI can be considered a feasible tool to measure individual GC risk and a reliable data collection instrument in tailor-made risk reduction interventional programmes.<br /><br />GC-BRAI can be considered a feasible tool to measure individual GC risk and a reliable data collection instrument in tailor-made risk reduction interventional programmes.