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Finally, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) test demonstrated that ERAP1-IN-1 blocks completely the production of a 9-mers peptide (30-38, LLDTASALY) derived from Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). The predictive analysis by NetMHCpan-4.1 server showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C*0401 is a strong binder for the 9-mers peptide in HepG2.2.15 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ERAP1 trims HBcAg to produce 9-mers LLDTASALY peptides for binding onto HLA-C*0401 in HepG2.2.15 cells, facilitating the potential activation of CD8+ T cells.The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) may display enhanced transmissibility, more severity and/or immune evasion; however, the pathogenesis of these new VOCs in experimental SARS-CoV-2 models or the potential infection of other animal species is not completely understood. Here we infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice with B.1, B.1.351/Beta, B.1.617.2/Delta and BA.1.1/Omicron isolates and demonstrated heterogeneous infectivity and pathogenesis. B.1.351/Beta variant was the most pathogenic, while BA.1.1/Omicron led to lower viral RNA in the absence of major visible clinical signs. In parallel, we infected wildtype (WT) mice and confirmed that, contrary to B.1 and B.1.617.2/Delta, B.1.351/Beta and BA.1.1/Omicron can infect them. Infection in WT mice coursed without major clinical signs and viral RNA was transient and undetectable in the lungs by day 7 post-infection. In silico modeling supported these findings by predicting B.1.351/Beta receptor binding domain (RBD) mutations result in an increased affinity for both human and murine ACE2 receptors, while BA.1/Omicron RBD mutations only show increased affinity for murine ACE2.Ageratina adenophora, as an invasive and poisonous weed, seriously affects the ecological diversity and development of animal husbandry. Weed management practitioners have reported that it is very difficult to control A. adenophora invasion. In recent years, many researchers have focused on harnessing the endophytes of the plant as a useful resource for the development of pharmacological products for human and animal use. This study was performed to identify endophytes with antibacterial properties from A. adenophora. Agar well diffusion method and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique were used to screen and identify endophytes with antibacterial activity. The response surface methodology and prep- high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the optimizing fermentation conditions and isolate secondary metabolites, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrum were used to determine the structures of the isolated metabolites. From the experiment, we isolated a strain of Bacillus velezensis Ea73 (GenBank no. MZ540895) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. We also observed that the zone of inhibition of B. velezensis Ea73 against Staphylococcus aureus was the largest when fermentation broth contained 6.55 g/L yeast extract, 6.61 g/L peptone, 20.00 g/L NaCl at broth conditions of 7.95 pH, 51.04 h harvest time, and a temperature of 27.97°C. Two antibacterial peptides, Cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val) and Cyclo (L-Leu-L-Pro), were successfully extracted from B. velezensis Ea73. These two peptides exhibited mild inhibition against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, we isolated B. velezensis Ea73 with antibacterial activity from A. adenophora. Hence, its metabolites, Cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val) and Cyclo (L-Leu-L-Pro), could further be developed as a substitute for human and animal antibiotics.The F1-ATPase is a rotary motor fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Its rotational dynamics have been well characterized using single-molecule rotation assays. While F1-ATPases from various species have been studied using rotation assays, the standard model for single-molecule studies has been the F1-ATPase from thermophilic Bacillus sp. PS3, named TF1. Single-molecule studies of TF1 have revealed fundamental features of the F1-ATPase, such as the principal stoichiometry of chemo-mechanical coupling (hydrolysis of 3 ATP per turn), torque (approximately 40 pN·nm), and work per hydrolysis reaction (80 pN·nm = 48 kJ/mol), which is nearly equivalent to the free energy of ATP hydrolysis. Rotation assays have also revealed that TF1 exhibits two stable conformational states during turn a binding dwell state and a catalytic dwell state. Although many structures of F1 have been reported, most of them represent the catalytic dwell state or its related states, and the structure of the binding dwell state remained unknown. A recent cryo-EM study on TF1 revealed the structure of the binding dwell state, providing insights into how F1 generates torque coupled to ATP hydrolysis. In this review, we discuss the torque generation mechanism of F1 based on the structure of the binding dwell state and single-molecule studies.Soil salinity adversely affects plant growth and has become a major limiting factor for agricultural development worldwide. There is a continuing demand for sustainable technology innovation in saline agriculture. Among various bio-techniques being used to reduce the salinity hazard, symbiotic microorganisms such as rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have proved to be efficient. These symbiotic associations each deploy an array of well-tuned mechanisms to provide salinity tolerance for the plant. In this review, we first comprehensively cover major research advances in symbiont-induced salinity tolerance in plants. Second, we describe the common signaling process used by legumes to control symbiosis establishment with rhizobia and AM fungi. Multi-omics technologies have enabled us to identify and characterize more genes involved in symbiosis, and eventually, map out the key signaling pathways. These developments have laid the foundation for technological innovations that use symbiotic microorganisms to improve crop salt tolerance on a larger scale. Thus, with the aim of better utilizing symbiotic microorganisms in saline agriculture, we propose the possibility of developing non-legume 'holobionts' by taking advantage of newly developed genome editing technology. This will open a new avenue for capitalizing on symbiotic microorganisms to enhance plant saline tolerance for increased sustainability and yields in saline agriculture.Rice (Oryza sativa) is the second leading cereal crop in the world and is one of the most important field crops in the US, valued at approximately $2.5 billion. Kernel smut (Tilletia horrida Tak.), once considered as a minor disease, is now an emerging economically important disease in the US. In this study, we used multi-locus sequence analysis to investigate the genetic diversity of 63 isolates of T. horrida collected from various rice-growing areas across in the US. Three different phylogeny analyses (maximum likelihood, neighbor-joining, and minimum evolution) were conducted based on the gene sequence sets, consisting of all four genes concatenated together, two rRNA regions concatenated together, and only ITS region sequences. The results of multi-gene analyses revealed the presence of four clades in the US populations, with 59% of the isolates clustering together. The populations collected from Mississippi and Louisiana were found to be the most diverse, whereas the populations from Arkansas and California were the least diverse. Similarly, ITS region-based analysis revealed that there were three clades in the T. horrida populations, with a majority (76%) of the isolates clustering together along with the 22 Tilletia spp. from eight different countries (Australia, China, India, Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, The US, and Vietnam) that were grouped together. Two of the three clades in the ITS region-based phylogeny consisted of the isolates reported from multiple countries, suggesting potential multiple entries of T. horrida into the US. This is the first multi-locus analysis of T. horrida populations. The results will help develop effective management strategies, especially breeding for resistant cultivars, for the control of kernel smut in rice.Among the prospective biocontrol agents, the saprophytic filamentous fungus Clonostachys rosea is an excellent necrotrophic mycoparasite of numerous plant pathogenic fungi. However, its commercial development has been hampered by mass production difficulties during solid-state fermentation. Conversely, the submerged liquid fermentation shortens the cultivation time while increasing yields of fungal propagules. However, this method has been overlooked for C. rosea. In this work, we investigated the impact of liquid pre-culture inoculum on the spore production by the two-stage fermentation process using rice grains in comparison to the traditional solid-state fermentation. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rhosin-hydrochloride.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rhosin-hydrochloride.html] In parallel, we studied the submerged cultivation of C. rosea by manipulating carbon-to-nitrogen (CN) ratio and nitrogen source, with the further optimization of spore production in a benchtop bioreactor. Additional bioassays included assessing the bioactivity of water-dispersible microgranules (that contained a submerged conidia) against the germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia by direct parasitism. The air-dried submerged conidia exhibited a suppressive activity on sclerotia (88% mycoparasitism) and early whitefly nymphs (76.2% mortality) that rendered LC50 values of 3.2 × 104 CFU/g soil and 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml, respectively. Therefore, the submerged liquid culture of C. rosea may offer a feasible and cost-effective method for its large-scale production, alleviating critical constraints to their commercial use while providing an additional tool for management of B. tabaci and S. sclerotiorum.The discovery of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus in 2003 using the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga caused a paradigm shift in the virology field. Twelve years later, using another amoeba as a host, i.e., Vermamoeba vermiformis, novel isolates of giant viruses have been discovered. This amoeba-virus relationship led scientists to study the evolution of giant viruses and explore the origins of eukaryotes. The purpose of this article is to review all the giant viruses that have been isolated from Vermamoeba vermiformis, compare their genomic features, and report the influence of these viruses on the cell cycle of their amoebal host. To date, viruses putatively belonging to eight different viral taxa have been described 7 are lytic and 1 is non-lytic. The comparison of giant viruses infecting Vermamoeba vermiformis has suggested three homogenous groups according to their size, the replication time inside the host cell, and the number of encoding tRNAs. This approach is an attempt at determining the evolutionary origins and trajectories of the virus; therefore, more giant viruses infecting Vermamoeba must be discovered and studied to create a comprehensive knowledge on these intriguing biological entities.A tigecycline-resistant Acinetobacter pittii clinical strain from pleural fluid carrying a bla NDM-1 gene and a novel bla OXA gene, bla OXA-1045, was isolated and characterized. The AP2044 strain acquired two copies of the bla NDM-1 gene and six antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from other pathogens. According to the whole-genome investigation, the GC ratios of ARGs (50-60%) were greater than those of the chromosomal backbone (39.46%), indicating that ARGs were horizontally transferred. OXA-1045 belonged to the OXA-213 subfamily and the amino acid sequence of OXA-1045 showed 89% similarity to the amino acid sequences of OXA-213. Then, bla OXA-1045 and bla OXA-213 were cloned and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of β-lactams in the transformants were determined using the broth microdilution method. OXA-1045 was able to confer a reduced susceptibility to piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam compared to OXA-213. AP2044 strain exhibited low pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella infection models. The observation of condensed biofilm using the crystal violet staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that the AP2044 strain was a weak biofilm producer.