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Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs). Because of the difficulty in obtaining these cells directly from tissues, different sources of DCs are frequently used for in vitro experimentation and many of their biological and functional characteristics were studied using these systems. Until recently, it was assumed that specific culture conditions polarized the differentiation of either DCs or macrophages (Macs); however, it was shown that some DC culture systems in other species generate heterogeneous cell populations that can be identified according to their CD11c and MHC class II (MHC-II) expression. Following this approach, porcine DCs were directly isolated from peripheral blood or differentiated in vitro by culturing bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells or blood monocytes treated with growth factors. Mostly homogeneous monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) were obtained with similar phenotype and phagocytic characteristics to that of blood DCs. On the contrary, BM-derived DC (BMDC) cultures generated two distinct heterogeneous populations identified as MHC-II+ and MHC-II++ cells. BMDCs MHC-II+ had similar phenotypic and phagocytic characteristics to those of MoDCs and blood DCs. However, BMDCs MHC-II++ population expressed a higher amount of surface markers and transcribed genes associated with Macs-lineage exhibiting a higher phagocytic capacity than all the other cells. Noteworthy, every cell system expressed different genetic signatures. These results will help interpreting and re-interpreting data obtained using in vitro systems.<br /><br /> The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, social functioning, autism traits, and social support on quality of life (QoL) in 107 adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).<br /><br /> Questionnaires included the Autism Spectrum Quotient-10 (Adult), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Social Functioning Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Gastrointestinal Symptom Inventory, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF.<br /><br /> GI symptoms were a common comorbidity with 86 % of participants presenting with them. Sleep problems were also frequent issues with 89 % of participants being classified as poor sleepers. Greater sleep problems were correlated with poorer QoL in the physical health and environment domains. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly-411575.html LY411575 order] Specifically, the sleep problem of daytime dysfunction was correlated with poorer QoL in physical health. Daytime dysfunction and sleep duration were correlated with poorer QoL in the environment domain. Better social support was correlated with greater QoL in the psychological, social and environment domains. Poorer social functioning was correlated with poorer QoL in each of the four domains.<br /><br /> This research indicated that GI symptoms and sleep problems are common comorbid conditions in the adult ASD population. This paper expanded upon the existing literature by highlighting unexplored factors influencing QoL in adults with ASD.<br /><br />This research indicated that GI symptoms and sleep problems are common comorbid conditions in the adult ASD population. This paper expanded upon the existing literature by highlighting unexplored factors influencing QoL in adults with ASD.<br /><br /> The Kingston Caregiver Stress Scale (KCSS) was designed to measure stress in caregivers of people with dementia, but empirical studies have used this instrument to measure stress in caregivers of children and adults with disabilities, without investigating its psychometric properties.<br /><br /> This study analysed the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the KCSS in Romanian caregivers of children and adults with disabilities.<br /><br /> A total of 276 familial caregivers of children and adults with various disabilities completed measures of caregiver stress and related concepts. After 3 months, 72 participants were retested.<br /><br /> A new bifactorial model with eight items was compared against the originally proposed trifactorial model and a previously proposed bifactorial model with 10 items. The bifactorial eight-item model had the best fit indices (χ2 = 41.4, df = 19, p = .002, CFI = .981, TLI = .971, RMSEA = .065 [90 % CI = .038, .092]), along with good test-retest reliability and convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of anxiety and depression.<br /><br /> The KCSS is a reliable instrument for assessing caregiver stress among caregivers of children and adults with disabilities. Implications, limitations, and future research suggestions are discussed.<br /><br />The KCSS is a reliable instrument for assessing caregiver stress among caregivers of children and adults with disabilities. Implications, limitations, and future research suggestions are discussed.The processing of multisensory signals is crucial for effective interaction with the environment, but our ability to perform this vital function changes as we age. In the first part of this review, we summarise existing research into the effects of healthy ageing on multisensory integration. We note that age differences vary substantially with the paradigms and stimuli used older adults often receive at least as much benefit (to both accuracy and response times) as younger controls from congruent multisensory stimuli, but are also consistently more negatively impacted by the presence of intersensory conflict. In the second part, we outline a normative Bayesian framework that provides a principled and computationally informed perspective on the key ingredients involved in multisensory perception, and how these are affected by ageing. Applying this framework to the existing literature, we conclude that changes to sensory reliability, prior expectations (together with attentional control), and decisional strategies all contribute to the age differences observed. However, we find no compelling evidence of any age-related changes to the basic inference mechanisms involved in multisensory perception.To determine the utility of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) as risk markers of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). We included 331 stroke patients. The plasma levels of LBP (median 19.4 vs 15.3 μg/mL, P less then 0.01) and sCD14 (median 1.5 vs 1.4 μg/mL, P = 0.04) were elevated in SAP. In multivariate analysis, a higher level of LBP (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.13), but not sCD14 (OR 2.16, 0.94-4.97), was associated with SAP. The addition of LBP or sCD14 to the clinical model did not improve its discriminatory ability. Our results suggest the modest value of studied biomarkers for SAP prediction.