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Hence, rapid cooling can be achieved for any number or arrangement of samples, as long as device manufacturer guidelines are adhered to.<br /><br /> For patients with hematological malignancy, triazole antifungal agents such as fluconazole (FLCZ), itraconazole (ITCZ), voriconazole (VRCZ), posaconazole (PSCZ) and isavuconazole (ISCZ) are often used for prophylaxis of deep mycosis. Since these azoles exhibit large pharmacokinetic variability, dose adjustment by therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for some azoles. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel method for simultaneous determination of plasma concentrations of FLCZ, ITCZ, VRCZ, PSCZ, ISCZ and ITCZ-OH, an active metabolite of ITCZ, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).<br /><br /> A high-throughput solid-phase extraction method using 96-well MCX µElution Plate was selected as the pretreatment procedure.<br /><br /> The calibration curves for FLCZ, ITCZ, ITCZ-OH, VRCZ, PSCZ and ISCZ showed good linearity (back-calculation of calibrators relative error≤15% [LLOQ ≤ 20%]) over wide ranges of 100-100000, 20-20000, 40-40000, 20-20000, 5-5000 antions of FLCZ, ITCZ, ITCZ-OH, VRCZ, PSCZ and ISCZ.Preparation of new sorbent from precipitation of nano-sized (Mg/Fe-CTAB)- layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the surfaces of sewage sludge byproduct to remove the anionic and cationic dyes was the focal point of this work. The presence of nanoparticles and enlarged of interlayers by CTAB intercalation have increased the sludge surface area from 5.34 to 10.32 m2/g. The CTAB mass 0.03 g/50 mL, sludge dosage 1 g/50 mL and (Mg/Fe) molar ratio 2 were the best preparation conditions required to obtain effective sorbent with efficiencies exceeded 93% for MB and CR dyes. These efficiencies were obtained under operational conditions for batch study of 0.5 g coated sludge per 50 mL colored dye solution, initial pH 3 (for CR) and 12 (for MB), and time 3 h for 10 mg/L dyes at 200 rpm. Models of Langmuir and pseudo second-order have a high capability in the representation of sorption records with maximum capacities of adsorption 163.6 and 132.6 mg/g for CR and MB dye, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis proved that the calcite occurred mainly at 2θ = 29.8° while quartz corresponded to the 21, 26.6, 36.4, 36.9, 50.1, 60.01 and 68.4°. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jke-1674.html click here] Characterization tests showed that nano-sized particles of magnesium/iron were precipitated on the sludge due to the formation of hydrotalcite-like compounds with an increase in the percentages of Mg and Fe from 0.87 and 1.36 to 4.25 and 3.03%, respectively. The results showed that the electrostatic attraction, intra-particle diffusion and hydrogen bonding were predominant mechanisms for removal of CR and MB onto coated sludge.The paper presents a study regarding the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh waters and surface sediments on the western shore of Admiralty Bay over four sampling seasons from 2017 to 2018. The results were compared to literature data from 2016 to provide a more comprehensive image of the environmental fate of PAHs over the years. The highest value of Σ PAHs was 82.9 ng/L and 445 ng/g dw in water and sediment samples, respectively. The analysis of PAH indicator ratio values showed that pyrogenic or mixed sources contribute to the PAH pollution in Antarctic sediments and water more than does petroleum. The main source is the combustion of biomass (e.g. as a result of fires) and coal, and PAHs are mostly associated with the activity of stations or are transported to a lesser extent by long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) from South America. The values of the ΣLMW/ΣHMW ratio in sediments indicate that petrogenic sources contribute to PAH contamination, but among the six PAH ratios tested, petrogenic sources were identified as dominant in approximately 17-19% of cases. Lack of coherence in the obtained results confirms the mixed origin of PAHs in the studied samples. Although the differentiation of PAHs sources is still ambiguous, caution is recommended in light of the Antarctic system's evident and rapid response to global and local PAH emissions, and the dependency of accumulation and release cycle processes on weather conditions. A reduction in petrol usage in favour of renewable energy sources, and restriction of tourism are strongly recommended for better preservation of the pristine Antarctic environment.Reasonable doping is beneficial to the generation of defects, which is a feasibility strategy to improve the ZnO sensing performance. Herein, we presented an in situ self-sacrificing template strategy for fabricating Co doped h-ZnO core-shell structures (h-ZnO/ZnCox) with different defect contents, pyrolyzing hierarchical porous ZnO (h-ZnO) sub-microspheres coated by zeolite imidazolate frameworks (h-ZnO/ZIF-ZnCox). The investigations of X-ray photoelectron (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra indicate that donor defects include zinc interstitial (Zni) and oxygen vacancy (VO) in h-ZnO/ZnCox can be tuned by Co dopant (x = 0-30%). Resultantly, the h-ZnO/ZnCox exhibits a significantly enhanced response and selectivity towards triethylamine (TEA), beyond the undoped h-ZnO, and 15% Co-doped h-ZnO (h-ZnO/ZnCo15%) conducts the maximum responses of 1020 to 50 ppm TEA at 573 K, in the top set for the similar type of sensors. Further, the sensing mechanism of h-ZnO/ZnCox is elaborated, possibly resulting from abundant active oxygen species conversed from more oxygen adsorbed which corresponds to cobalt doping generating rich donor-related defects and additional electrons in h-ZnO/ZnCo15%.Groundwater contamination risk assessment is not only the basis for groundwater management, but also an effective tool for groundwater pollution control and prevention. However, only groundwater vulnerability assessment is not enough to prove the risk of groundwater contamination. Therefore, this study describes an evaluation method combining aquifer intrinsic vulnerability and pollution source loading to evaluate groundwater contamination risk in Guanzhong Basin on a macro scale. A modified DRATICL model was introduced to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy weight method were combined to determine the weight of each evaluation factor. Pollution loading was evaluated by quantifying the characteristics of potential pollution sources, mainly including pollutant toxicity, pollutant release possibility and potential pollutant release amount. Finally, total iron, Cl-, SO42-, F-, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), NO3-, NO2- and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) are used to calculate the water quality index and verify the model results. The results showed that industries were the most harmful potential pollution sources in the study area, followed by landfills. Very high vulnerability areas were mainly situated around Huazhou District, Huayin and Dali County, as well as the low terraces around Zhouzhi County and Hu County, which are mainly caused by shallow groundwater depth and high net recharge. The final groundwater contamination risk results showed the high groundwater contamination risks are detected around Xi'an City, Xianyang City, Hancheng City and Dali County. Both high vulnerability and high pollution loading were present at the Jingwei District in the north of Xi'an City, where a priority attention should be given.Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted increasing attention in wastewater treatment as a disinfectant. However, the transformation of bromide (Br-) during PAA oxidation of bromide-containing wastewater has not been fully explored. This study showed that Br- could be oxidized by PAA to free bromine which reacted with phenol to form organic bromine. At pH 7.0, more than 35.2% inorganic Br- was converted to organic bromines in 4 h. At acidic conditions, the conversion ratio was even higher, reaching 69.9% at pH 2.8. Most of the organic bromines were presented as bromophenols (i.e., 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, and 2,4-dibromophenol), while regulated brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs, i.e., bromoform and bromoacetic acids) only accounted for a tiny fraction of total organic bromine. Similar results were observed when PAA was applied to natural organic matter (NOM) or wastewater in presence of Br-. The organic bromine yield reached 56.6 μM in the solution containing 0.1 mM Br- and 2 mg/L NOM initially. Among them, only 1.00 μM bromoform and 0.16 μM dibromoacetic acid were found. Similarly, regulated Br-DBPs only accounted for 28.3% of the organic bromine in a real wastewater effluent treated with PAA. All these data show that monitoring regulated DBPs cannot fully indicate the potential environmental risk of the application of PAA to wastewater.Ultrafiltration (UF) is effective in retaining macromolecules during tertiary treatment, but the membrane fouling caused by the effluent organic matter (EfOM) limits its application. This study employed electrochemical oxidation (EO) as a pretreatment method for UF in tertiary treatment to investigate the effects of anode materials on membrane fouling alleviation and EfOM degradation. Compared with the dimensionally stable (DSA) and platinum (Pt) anodes, EO with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode exhibited better performances for membrane fouling mitigation due to the higher hydroxyl radical production activity of the BDD anode. It was observed that the current density and electrolysis time were closely related to membrane fouling when using a BDD anode, where increasing the current density or electrolysis time led to a significant improvement of specific flux. The BDD-based pre-oxidation efficiently removed 64% DOC, 76% UV254, and 95% fluorescence organic matter in EfOM, among which the concentrations of DOC and UV254 were positively correlated with the total fouling index (TFI). Meanwhile, 70% SMX in the secondary effluent was removed by the BDD anode. Furthermore, the BDD anode also mitigated membrane fouling by decomposing high molecular weight organic matter into smaller fractions and enhancing the electrostatic repulsion between membrane and EfOM. Therefore, the BDD-based EO process is a promising pretreatment strategy for UF to alleviate membrane fouling and improve the permeate quality.Resource constraints and deteriorating environment have made it necessary to look for intensification of the industrial processes, to recover value from spent streams for reuse. The development of reverse osmosis has already established that water can be recovered from aqueous streams in a cost-effective and beneficial manner to the industries. With the development of several membrane processes and membrane materials, the possibility of recovering value from the effluents looks like a workable proposition. In this context, the potentialities of the different membrane processes in value recovery are presented. Among the pressure-driven processes, reverse osmosis can be used for the recovery of water as value. Nanofiltration has been used for the recovery of several dyes including crystal violet, congo red, methyl blue, etc., while ultrafiltration has been used in the fractionation of different solute species using membranes of different pore-size characteristics. Diffusion dialysis is found useful in the separation of acids from its salt solutions.