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Children with recurrent UTI had significantly higher proportion of E. coli compared to control group (10.97 vs. 4.74; P = 0.014) and lower proportion of Bifidobacterium sp. (6.54 vs. 9.33; P = 0.594). In children with recurrent UTI group, E. coli proportion was found higher than Bifidobacterium sp. although not statistically significant (10.97 vs. 6.54; P = 0.819). In healthy controls, Bifidobacterium sp. proportion was significantly higher than E. coli (4.74 vs. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/terfenadine.html Terfenadine cost] 9.33; P = 0.021). The total amount of E. coli (996,004 vs. 1,099,271; P = 0.798) and Bifidobacterium sp. (835,921 vs. 1,196,991; P = 0.711) were higher in secondary UTI compared to the simple UTI. Proportion of E. coli is higher in children with recurrent UTI than in healthy children. The proportion of E. coli is higher than Bifidobacterium sp in the colon of children with recurrent UTI.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have presented variable findings concerning the reduction of phosphorous level by nicotinamide. This systematic review is aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of nicotinamide in hemodialysis patients and was conducted by adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies for inclusion were identified by running the suitable keywords in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central till June 13, 2018. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to judge the quality of the included RCTs. The primary outcome was change in serum phosphorus, calcium, and calcium-phosphorus product levels. Change in other biochemical parameters including serum calcium, parathormone, platelets, lipid profile parameters, and the safety profile was considered under secondary outcomes. Review Manager (RevMan v5.3) was used for the risk of bias estimate. A total of 12 articles were qualified for inclusion in this study. All the included RCTs showed a statistically significant reduction in mean serum phosphorous and calcium-phosphorus product levels in the treatment arm as compared to the placebo group. Among several biochemical parameters analyzed, only high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was found to be significantly increased from baseline to the endpoint of the study in the nicotinamide group, while the placebo group showed no significant difference. Flushing and diarrhea, followed by thrombocytopenia, were the most commonly reported adverse events in the treatment group. Nicotinamide was found to be effective in reducing the phosphorous level and calcium-phosphorus product level and increasing the HDL cholesterol level in dialysis patients. The safety profile was found to be satisfactory.[This corrects the article DOI 10.4103/1673-5374.290908].Glaucoma is a range of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and visual field defects. It is recognized as a leading cause of irreversible blindness affecting more than 70 million people worldwide. Currently, reduction of intraocular pressure, a widely recognized risk factor for glaucoma development, is the only pharmacological strategy for slowing down retinal ganglion cell loss and disease progression. However, retinal ganglion cell death and visual field loss have been observed in normotensive glaucoma, suggesting that the disease process is partially independent of intraocular pressure. Taurine is one of the agents that have attracted attention of researchers recently. Taurine has been shown to be involved in multiple cellular functions, including a central role as a neurotransmitter, as a trophic factor in the central nervous system development, as an osmolyte, as a neuromodulator, and as a neuroprotectant. It also plays a role in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the membranes and in the regulation of calcium transport and homeostasis. Taurine is known to prevent N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced excitotoxic injury to retinal ganglion cells. A recently published study clearly demonstrated that taurine prevents retinal neuronal apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Protective effect of taurine may be attributed to direct inhibition of apoptosis, an activation of brain derived neurotrophic factor-related neuroprotective mechanisms and reduction of retinal oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Further studies are needed to fully explore the potential of taurine as a neuroprotective agent, so that it can be applied in clinical practice, particularly for the treatment of glaucoma. The objective of current review was to summarize recent evidence on neuroprotective properties of taurine in glaucoma.Population aging with longer life expectancy represents one of the most relevant challenges of the next future, also because of a significant proportion of older adult people may present with dementia. Motivating senior citizens with mild cognitive impairment to maintain their independence and functional abilities, improve health status and quality of life as well as social interactions, constitutes the main target of preventive medicine. According to a nudge theoretical approach, the SENIOR (SystEm of Nudge theory based ICT applications for OldeR citizens) project- developed thanks to the collaboration among Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Bicocca University and IRCCS Auxiologico Institute in Milan (Italy) - has been designed to adopt an advanced information and communication technology coaching system able to collect and integrate physiological, psychological and behavioral data, with the final aim of interacting with community-dwelling elderly people suffering from mild cognitive impairment and of providing them personalized feedback on lifestyle management. The SENIOR project proposes to use a smart-watch app for alerting family doctors, sharing information with family members in specific cases and monitoring patients at higher risk in hospital Units, in order to ameliorate health of senior citizens with mild cognitive impairment.Encouraging results have been reported for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation-based nerve stimulation in studies of the mechanisms of neurological regulation, nerve injury repair, and nerve localization. However, to date, there are only a few reviews on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for diabetic neuropathy. Patients with diabetic neuropathy vary in disease progression and show neuropathy in the early stage of the disease with mild symptoms, making it difficult to screen and identify. In the later stage of the disease, irreversible neurological damage occurs, resulting in treatment difficulties. In this review, we summarize the current state of diabetic neuropathy research and the prospects for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diabetic neuropathy. We review significant studies on the beneficial effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diabetic neuropathy treatment, based on the outcomes of its use to treat neurodegeneration, pain, blood flow change, autonomic nervous disorders, vascular endothelial injury, and depression.