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Also, the T allele of rs3856806 enhanced the risk of SCZ by 3.19 fold. Computational analyses predicted that rs1801282 polymorphism might alter the secondary structure of PPARG-mRNA and protein function. At the same time, the other variant created the binding sites for some enhancer and silencer motifs. Conclusion Our findings showed that PPARG rs1821282 and rs3856806 polymorphisms associate with SCZ susceptibility. Replication studies in different ethnicities with a larger population are needed to validate our findings.Objective The aim of the present study was to develop a self-report questionnaire to assess the level of perceived risks and safety behaviors during pandemics. Method We went through recommended phases and their corresponding steps to create a valid and reliable scale (a) item development (including 1. domain identification and item generation, 2. content validity), (b) scale development (including 1. pretesting questions, 2. sampling and survey administration, 3. item reduction, and 4. extraction of factors), and (c) scale evaluation (including 1. tests of dimensionality, 2. tests of reliability, and 3. tests of validity). Results We found four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 that were accounted for 0.63 of the total variance. The 4-factor solution showed all items had factor loading greater than 0.4 and each belonged to one factor. The fit indices indicated the 4-factor solution model was fitted to our data. Conclusion In sum, the Pandemic Risk and Reaction Scale (PRRS) is a valid and reliable self-reported scale to assess the level of perceived risk and safety behaviors during pandemics.Objective This study aimed to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperhomocysteinemia and to specify predictors of the metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Method This cross sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with schizophrenia and 100 patients with bipolar disorder. The participants' metabolic syndrome was determined according to the criteria set by Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. Hyperhomocysteinemia was considered as homocysteine levels higher than 15 µmol/L. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, student t test, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not significantly different (P = 0.07) between patients with schizophrenia (27%) and bipolar disorder (39%). No statistically significant difference (P = 0.17) was observed between patients with schizophrenia (82%) and bipolar disorder (74%) in the prevalence of hyetabolic risk profile and to prevent the cardiovascular diseases.Human health is linked to environmental health. Pollutants or disease-causing microbes released into the environment through human activity or natural disasters affect communities' air quality, water or food supply, and, ultimately, the livelihoods of residents. Oral health care (OHC) professionals, including dental hygienists (DHs), use vast amounts of resources in their daily clinical operations, which contribute to the global pollution burden and climate change. Canadian OHC professionals are largely missing from the environmental sustainability dialogue, despite their commitment to the holistic well-being of their clients and communities they support.<br /><br /> This literature review explores the barriers to adopting environmentally sustainable (ES) initiatives in the clinical setting as perceived by OHC professionals, particularly DHs.<br /><br /> Eight studies reviewed highlight 4 key barriers-infrastructural, institutional, educational, and individual-to the adoption of ES initiatives by OHC professionals in the clinicalionals even amidst ever-changing global conditions. Adopting ES initiatives not only benefits the environment, but it may also aide in improving client outcomes due to long-term practice savings that can be diverted to enhancing client care.Previous position papers have confirmed to varying degrees associations between periodontal microbes and respiratory tract infections such as nosocomial or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Causal relationships have not been confirmed and have been the source of much confusion for the medical and oral health professions.<br /><br /> To investigate whether sufficient evidence exists for a causal relationship between periodontal microbes and respiratory diseases, with a focus on HAP and VAP.<br /><br /> The PICO question was "For patients in hospitals, nursing homes or long-term care facilities who are at high risk for respiratory infections, will an oral care intervention such as toothbrushing, administration of antimicrobial agents, and/or professional care, as compared to no oral care intervention (or usual oral care) reduce the risk for respiratory infections?" Only systematic reviews (SRs) with or without a meta-analysis (MA) of randomization of mechanical ventilation), findings were positive only for cardiac surgery ventilated patients, who did not meet the inclusion criteria.<br /><br /> Bradford Hill criteria analysis failed to support a causal relationship between periodontal microbes/oral health care and respiratory diseases such as pneumonia.<br /><br />Bradford Hill criteria analysis failed to support a causal relationship between periodontal microbes/oral health care and respiratory diseases such as pneumonia.<br /><br /> Women involved with the criminal justice system are often marginalized or vulnerable and may face oral health inequities. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/disodium-Cromoglycate.html buy Disodium Cromoglycate] Through a community-engaged program at a Canadian university, dental hygiene students provided preventive care at an organization supporting this population. This study explored the impact of these oral care services from client and organization staff perspectives.<br /><br /> One focus group with 6 clients, 2-person interviews with 4 clients, individual interviews with 3 clients, and one focus group with 4 organization staff members were conducted. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. The concept of access, proposed by Penchansky and Thomas (1981) and Saurman (2015), was used as the conceptual framework to organize the themes.<br /><br /> Nine themes were identified from the focus group and interview discussions limited options, convenience, realistic expectations, respect and attention, no judgement, physical environment, communication, clients' unique needs, aics for this population.<br /><br /> The oral hygiene habits of clients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances is poorly understood. Assessment of oral hygiene behavioural patterns is essential for understanding clients' oral health care needs. The aim of this study was to investigate orthodontic clients' oral hygiene behaviours, brushing techniques, and oral hygiene awareness.<br /><br /> A total of 200 orthodontic clients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances were consecutively recruited from the Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, China, and the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. A 47-item questionnaire was used to survey study participants.<br /><br /> The survey had a 92% response rate, with 67.5% of respondents being female and 32.5% male. Most were non-smokers (94.2%) and the majority (80.0%) brushed their teeth twice daily. Most (80.4%) brushed their teeth for 1 to 2 minutes, and 68.7% positioned their toothbrush both horizontally and vertically, with horizontal being the preferred direction of motion. One-third (33.5%) did not use any auxiliary oral hygiene aids; most snacked between meals; only 31.4% received professional tooth cleaning during orthodontic treatment; and 56.8% experienced an increased level of halitosis after appliance placement. Most respondents (79.4%) thought their oral hygiene was good, but 51.0% reported bleeding gums during tooth brushing, 31.4% found they rarely bled, and only 17.6% reported no bleeding. Most respondents agreed that good oral health was very important for orthodontic treatment and that their own efforts were the most important factors.<br /><br /> Client awareness of the importance of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment requires improvement. Clinician reinforcement of oral hygiene should become a priority for orthodontic clients.<br /><br />Client awareness of the importance of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment requires improvement. Clinician reinforcement of oral hygiene should become a priority for orthodontic clients.<br /><br /> The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore dental hygiene diagnosis (DHDx) to gain an understanding of how dental hygienists experience this phenomenon while providing dental hygiene care.<br /><br /> A qualitative descriptive research design was employed using purposive sampling. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 10 dental hygienists actively practising in California, Oregon or Colorado. The interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and verified for accuracy. Data analysis included open coding and axial coding to determine larger, related segments of data called categories providing an overall descriptive summary of DHDx. Two independent peer examinations and member checks established validity of the data analysis.<br /><br /> Four categories emerged from the study expertise and confidence; client communication; dental hygiene care plan; and dentists' trust. Participants revealed that expertise and confidence in performing the DHDx was gained through clinical practice. D compare how DHDx is utilized by dental hygienists in other countries.Previous position papers have confirmed associations between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Causal associations have not been confirmed and have been the source of much confusion for the profession and public.<br /><br /> To investigate whether sufficient evidence exists for a causal relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<br /><br /> The PICO question was "For adults in good general health who are diagnosed with periodontal disease, will receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT), as compared to not receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy, lower their risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes?" Only systematic reviews (SRs) with or without meta-analyses (MAs) of randomized controlled trials published in the English language between 2007 and 2019 were included. Databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, EbscoHost, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Registry of Systematic Reviews, and Clinical Trials Registry. Quality assessments were conducted by both authors using the PRISMA checklist. The Bradford Hill criteria were used to determine evidence for causality.<br /><br /> Of 37 records retrieved for adverse pregnancy outcomes, 9 met the criteria for inclusion and were analysed. None showed that NSPT lowers the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.<br /><br /> Bradford Hill criteria analysis failed to support a causal relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes based on the most current evidence available.<br /><br />Bradford Hill criteria analysis failed to support a causal relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes based on the most current evidence available.<br /><br /> The purpose of this review is to explore the literature on continuous assessment in the evaluation of clinical competence, to examine the variables influencing the assessment of clinical competence, and to consider the impact of high-stakes summative assessment practices on student experiences, learning, and achievement.<br /><br /> A literature search of CINAHL, PubMed, ERIC (EBSCO), Education Source, and Google Scholar was conducted using key terms. Articles reviewed were limited to full-text, peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2000 to 2019. Selected articles for this review include a meta-analysis, systematic reviews, and studies using qualitative and quantitative designs.<br /><br /> Findings reveal that current assessment practices such as one-time high-stakes assessments in the evaluation of clinical competence are influenced by several variables interexaminer differences in evaluation, variability with non-standardized client use in assessment, the failure to fail, and the impact of stress on performance outcomes.