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Within and between these groups variability in reported costing characteristics was observed. In studies that reported cost savings pre- and post-diagnosis, cost savings ranged from 6500 to 108,463 USD of total costs per patient. CONCLUSION This literature review shows that, regardless of what aspect of PIDs has been studied, in nearly all cases early diagnosis reduces health care consumption and leads to better health outcomes for patients with PIDs. We found considerable variability in costing characteristics of economic evaluations of PID patients, which hampers the comparability of outcomes. More effort is needed to create uniformity and define cost parameters in economic evaluations in the field of PIDs, facilitating further prospective research to extensively assess the benefits of early diagnosis. AIM Survival is the most consistently captured outcome across countries for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA), with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) representing the earliest endpoint for 'unbiased' initial resuscitation success. The ROSC after cardiac arrest (RACA) score was developed to predict ROSC and has been validated in several European countries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of RACA in a Pan-Asian population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected in the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) registry. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ifenprodil-tartrate.html click here] We included OHCA cases from seven communities (Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and United Arab Emirates) between January 2009 and December 2012. Paediatric cases, cases that were conveyed by non-emergency medical services (EMS), and cases with incomplete records were excluded from the study. RESULTS The RACA score showed similar discrimination performance as the original German study and various European validation studies. However, it had poor calibration with the original constant regression coefficient, which was primarily due to the low ROSC rate (8.2%) in the PAROS cohort. The calibration performance of RACA significantly improved after the constant coefficient was modified to adjust for the disparity in ROSC rates between Asia and Europe. CONCLUSION This is the largest validation study of the RACA score. RACA consistently performs well in both Pan-Asian and European communities and can thus be a valuable tool for evaluating EMS systems. However, to implement it, the constant coefficient has to be modified in the RACA formula with local historical data. PURPOSE To determine the influence of corticosteroid injection (CSI) before or after primary rotator cuff repair (RCR) on the risk of (1) revision RCR, (2) retears, and (3) infections. METHODS The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases were queried in accordance with the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Data pertaining to the use of CSI before or after primary RCR and adverse events were extracted. A subjective synthesis of these outcomes and bias was performed. RESULTS A total of 10 studies including 240,976 patients were identified; 20.0% received a perioperative CSI. Of the 48,235 patients that received a CSI, 66.2% did so preoperatively, while 33.8% did so postoperatively. A total of 78 patients had both pre- and postoperative CSI. Three studies examined the influence of preoperative CSI on revision RCR; the incidence ranged from 3.8%-10.5% with preoperative CSI and 3.2%-3.4% for controls. Two of these studies analyzed outcomes of patients from the same databases over the same time period. Five studies examined the influence of postoperative CSI use on retears; the incidence ranged from 5.7%-19.0% in those who received postoperative CSI and 10.0%-18.4% for controls. Three studies examined the influence of CSI use on infection; two studies examined risk of infection after postoperative CSI use, which ranged from 0.0%-6.7% with CSI and 0.0%-0.5% for controls. CONCLUSION The use of preoperative CSI could be associated with an increased risk of revision RCR. There was no conclusive data to suggest an increased risk of retear or infection with CSI use based off of a subjective synthesis of ranges. There is currently poor-quality literature surrounding this topic. Given that the current literature is limited and heterogenous, no definitive recommendations can be made on perioperative CSI use for RCR. PURPOSE To define the psychometric properties of the PROMIS Physical Function (PF), Pain Interference (PI) and Depression Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) in patients undergoing knee cartilage surgeries. METHODS The PROMIS PF, PI and Depression CAT were administered preoperatively and at 6 months alongside legacy knee patient-reported outcome measures in patients undergoing knee cartilage surgeries. Statistical analysis consisted of time-to-completion, psychometric analysis for correlative strengths, absolute and relative floor and ceiling effects, and Cohen's effect size. RESULTS Our study included 250 patients (57.2% male), averaging 1.87, 1.53, and 1.91 minutes for completion of the PF, PI, and Depression CATs, respectively. Pre-operatively, the PROMIS PF CAT and PI CATs wide ranges of correlation coefficients with respect to function (PF0.14-0.72, PI0.29-0.77) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) PROMs (r=0.64-0.70). At six months, PROMIS PF CAT (r=0.82-0.93) and PI CAT (r=0.77-0.93) both exhibited excellent correlations with respect to legacy function and HRQoL PROMs except for the Marx (r=0.36-0.44). None of the PROMIS instruments exhibited any significant floor or ceiling effects. CONCLUSION The PROMIS PF, PI, and Depression CATs performed better with respect to legacy PROMs in the postoperative period than the preoperative period. In addition, PROMIS PF and PI measures perform best with respect to the IKDC, and no floor or ceiling effects were identified for PROMIS instruments. PROMIS instruments may be more suited to track outcomes post-operatively than establish preoperative baselines in cartilage surgery patients. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine how pre-operative radiographic joint space correlated with intraoperative chondral damage as diagnosed during hip arthroscopy, in patients without radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis or joint space less then 2mm. METHODS Patients under the age of 50 years without prior hip conditions who underwent hip primary arthroscopy had their joint space and intraoperative chondral damage compared. A narrow joint space group was defined as those in the lowest decile of the average joint space. The demographics and presence of intraarticular findings of chondral damage were compared. Additionally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess joint space as a predictor of intraarticular damage. RESULTS There were 1,892 in this analysis. The incidence of severe cartilage damage (Outerbridge III &amp; IV) was not significantly different between the narrow and non-narrow groups. The ROC analysis for joint space at detecting chondral damage was poor. The ROC- area under the curve for joint space detecting any chondral defect (acetabular or femoral head) was 0.