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s study, the performance of the models for other chemicals could be investigated, to improve the accuracy of the simulations.<br /><br /> Previous studies of prenatal phthalate exposure and childhood asthma are inconsistent. These studies typically model phthalates as individual, rather than co-occurring, exposures. We investigated whether prenatal phthalates are associated with childhood wheeze and asthma using a mixtures approach.<br /><br /> We studied dyads from two prenatal cohorts in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium CANDLE, recruited 2006-2011 and TIDES, recruited 2011-2013. Parents reported child respiratory outcomes at age 4-6years ever asthma, current wheeze (symptoms in past 12months) and current asthma (two affirmative responses from ever asthma, recent asthma-specific medication use, and/or current wheeze). We quantified 11 phthalate metabolites in third trimester urine and estimated associations with child respiratory outcomes using weighted quantile sum (WQS) logistic regression, using separate models to estimate protective and adverse associations, adjusting for covariates. We examined effect modification by child sex and maternal asthma.<br /><br /> by child sex and maternal asthma in associations between prenatal phthalate mixtures and child asthma and wheeze.<br /><br />Results suggest effect modification by child sex and maternal asthma in associations between prenatal phthalate mixtures and child asthma and wheeze.We adapted Bemis &amp; Pylkkänen's (2011) paradigm to study elementary composition in Spanish using electroencephalography, to determine if EEG is sensitive enough to detect a composition-related activity and analyze whether the expectancy of participants to compose contributes to this signal. We found relevant activity at the expected channels and times, and a putative composition-related activity before the second word onset. Using threshold-free cluster permutation analysis and linear models we show a task-progression effect for the composition task that is not present for the list task. In a second experiment we evaluate two-word composition incorporating all conditions in a single task. In this case, we failed to find any significant composition-related activity suggesting that the activity measured with EEG may be in part carried by expectancy processes arising from the block design of the experiment, which can be prevented by using a non-blocked design and data-driven techniques to analyze the data.<br /><br /> Generating a force at the hand requires moments about multiple joints by a theoretically infinite number of arm and shoulder muscle force combinations. This allows for learning and adaptation and can possibly be captured using the complexity (entropy) of an isometrically generated force curve. Patients with Subacromial Pain Syndrome have difficulty to explore alternative, pain-avoiding, motor strategies and we questioned whether loss of motor complexity may contribute to this. We assessed whether patients with Subacromial Pain Syndrome have reduced entropy of an isometrically generated abduction and adduction force curve.<br /><br /> Forty patients and thirty controls generated submaximal isometric ab- and adduction force at the wrist. The force curve was characterized by the magnitude of force variability [standard deviation and coefficient of variation], and the entropy (complexity) of force variability [approximate entropy].<br /><br /> Patients showed reduced entropy both during the abduction (-0.16, confidence interval [-0.33; -0.00], p 0.048) and adduction task (-0.20, confidence interval [-0.37; -0.03], p 0.024) and reduced force variability during abduction (standard deviation -0.006, confidence interval [-0.011; -0.001], p 0.013 and coefficient of variation -0.51, confidence interval [-0.93; -0. 10], p 0.016).<br /><br /> Isometric force curves of patients with Subacromial Pain Syndrome show reduced complexity compared to asymptomatic controls, which may indicate more narrow and stereotype use of motor options. In future studies, it should be investigated whether the finding of reduced force (motor) entropy indicates functional decline, contributing to decreased ability to acquire and optimize motor strategies in Subacromial Pain Syndrome.<br /><br /> Level II prognostic study.<br /><br />Level II prognostic study.<br /><br /> Gait is negatively affected with increasing age. It is widely accepted that training produces physical-functional improvements in older adults, which can be assessed with numerous physical-functional tests. However, very few studies have been carried out using accelerometry to analyse the training effect on kinetic and kinematic variables in older adults, and there is no one that investigate the effects of two different training programs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the effects of an interval-walking program and a multicomponent program on the acceleration impacts, shock attenuation, step-length, stride frequency, and gait speed in older adults.<br /><br /> 23 participants were divided into multicomponent training group [n=12, 7 female, 71.58 (4.56) years] and interval-walking group [n=11, 6 female, 69.64 (3.56) years]. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vardenafil.html selleck kinase inhibitor] We evaluated the participants using three triaxial accelerometers, placing one on the distal end of each tibia and one on the forehead.<br /><br /> After 14weeks' of training, the maximum acceleration values both for the head accelerometer and for the non-dominant tibia, as well as the attenuation in the same leg, increased in the multicomponent training group. The maximum acceleration values for the head and the stride frequency also increased in the interval-walking group. Lower limb strength improved in both groups.<br /><br /> Given the benefits we found for each of these programs, we encourage their consideration when planning older adults training programs and suggest that multicomponent programs should be introduced prior to the start of walking-based programs.<br /><br />Given the benefits we found for each of these programs, we encourage their consideration when planning older adults training programs and suggest that multicomponent programs should be introduced prior to the start of walking-based programs.<br /><br /> Prosthetic feet are available in a range of stiffness categories, however, there is limited evidence to guide optimal selection during prosthetic foot prescription. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of commercial prosthetic foot stiffness category on foot-ankle biomechanics, gait symmetry, community ambulation, and relative foot stiffness perception.<br /><br /> Participants were fit in randomized order with three consecutive stiffness categories of a commonly-prescribed prosthetic foot. Prosthetic foot roll-over shape and ankle push-off power and work were determined via data collected during walking in a motion analysis laboratory. Step activity was recorded during community use of each foot. Self-reported perception of relative foot stiffness was assessed with an ad hoc survey.<br /><br /> Seventeen males with transtibial amputation completed the study. Prosthetic foot roll-over radius increased with increased prosthetic foot stiffness categories (p&lt;0.001). Both prosthetic ankle push-off peak power and work decreased with increased foot stiffness categories (p=0.