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search with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the fitness determinants of backs' RHIE ability.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to compare the power profile, internal and external workloads, and racing performance between U23 and professional cyclists and between varying rider types across 2 editions of a professional multistage race.<br /><br /> Nine U23 cyclists from a Union Cycliste Internationale "Continental Team" (age 20.8 [0.9]y; body mass 71.2 [6.3]kg) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1 [3.2]y; 63.0 [4.6]kg) participated in this study. Rider types were defined as all-rounders, general classification (GC) riders, and domestiques. Data were collected during 2 editions of a 5-day professional multistage race and split into the following 4 categories power profile, external and internal workloads, and race performance.<br /><br /> The professional group, including domestiques and GC riders, recorded higher relative power profile values after certain amounts of total work (1000-3000kJ) than the U23 group or all-rounders (P ≤ .001-.049). No significant differences were found for external workload measures between U23 and prof into the professional ranks, as well as differentiate between rider types.<br /><br /> To assess the value of monitoring changes in fitness in professional soccer players, using changes in heart rate at submaximal intensity (HR12km/h) over the velocity at a lactate concentration of 4mmol/L (v4mmol/L). The authors reexamined (1)a range of threshold magnitudes, which may improve detecting substantial individual changes and (2)the agreement between changes in these 2 variables.<br /><br /> On at least 2 occasions during different moments of the season, 97 professional soccer players from Germany (first, second, and fourth division) completed an incremental test to determine HR12km/h and v4mmol/L. Optimal thresholds for changes in HR12km/h and v4mmol/L were assessed, using various methods (eg,smallest worthwhile change + typical error [TE], successive reiterations approach). Agreement between both variable changes was examined for the whole sample (225 comparisons), 4 different subgroups (depending on the moment of the season), and in an individual over 6 years (n = 23 tests).<br /><br /> Changes of 4.5% and 6.0% fotly implement short, 3-minute submaximal runs, with 4.5% changes in HR12km/h being indicative of true substantial fitness changes, with 60% to 78% accuracy. Future studies should investigate the potential role of confounding factors of HR12km/h to improve changes in fitness prediction.<br /><br /> This study aimecd to investigate whether elite athletes could reach higher values of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) during a decremental exercise test in comparison with a traditional incremental test, as recently demonstrated in trained individuals.<br /><br /> Nine male runners (age 25.8 [5.1]y, season best 10-km time 3119 [150]) performed, on different days, 3 maximal uphill (5% grade) running exercise tests in fixed order an incremental test (INC1), a V-shape exercise test (where speed started at 0.5km·h-1 higher than the top stage finished during INC1 and was slowly decreased during 5.5min, when it was again increased in similar fashion to the INC tests), and a final incremental test (INC2).<br /><br /> V˙O2max during the V-shape exercise test was higher than during INC1 (6.3% [3.0%], P = .01), although running speed was lower (16.6 [1.7] vs 17.9 [1.6]km·h-1, P = .01). Performance was similar between INC1 and INC2, but V˙O2max during INC2 was higher than INC1 (P &lt; .001). During the V-shape exercise test, 5 participants reached the incremental part of the test, but V˙O2 did not increase (ΔV˙O2=52 [259] mL·min-1, P = .67), despite higher running speed (approximately 1.1km·h-1, P &lt; .01). Heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, breathing rate, and respiratory exchange ratio measured at V˙O2max were not different between tests.<br /><br /> A decremental exercise test of sufficient intensity can produce higher V˙O2max than a traditional incremental test, even in elite athletes, and this is maintained during a subsequent incremental test.<br /><br />A decremental exercise test of sufficient intensity can produce higher V˙O2max than a traditional incremental test, even in elite athletes, and this is maintained during a subsequent incremental test.<br /><br /> To investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) on performance during high- and long-jump competitions.<br /><br /> Using a crossover and double-blind design, 6 well-trained high jumpers and 6 well-trained long jumpers performed a simulation of a high- and long-jump competition 60minutes after ingesting a capsule containing either 5mg·kg-1 body mass of anhydrous CAF or a placebo. The high jumps were video recorded for kinematic analysis. The velocity during the approach run of the long jump was also monitored using photocells.<br /><br /> CAF improved jump performance (ie,the highest bar height overlap increased by 5.1% [2.3%], P = .008), as well as enhancing the height displacement of the central body mass (+1.3% [1.7%], P = .004) compared with the placebo. CAF had no ergogenic effect on jump distance (P = .722); however, CAF increased the velocity during the last 10m of the long jump (P = .019), and the percentage of "foul jumps" was higher than that expected by chance in the CAF group (80.5% [12.5%], χ2 = 13.44, P &lt; .001) but not in the cellulose condition (58.3% [22.9%], χ2 = 1.48, P = .224).<br /><br /> CAF ingestion (5mg·kg-1 body mass) improves high-jump performance but seems to negatively influence technical aspects during the approach run of the long jump, resulting in no improvement in long-jump performance. Thus, CAF can be useful for jumpers, but the specificity of the jump competition must be taken into account.<br /><br />CAF ingestion (5 mg·kg-1 body mass) improves high-jump performance but seems to negatively influence technical aspects during the approach run of the long jump, resulting in no improvement in long-jump performance. Thus, CAF can be useful for jumpers, but the specificity of the jump competition must be taken into account.As progress is gradually being made toward increased representation and retention of women in neurosurgery, the neurosurgical community should elevate effective efforts that may be driving positive change. Here, the authors describe explicit efforts by the neurosurgery community to empower and expand representation of women in neurosurgery, among which they identified four themes 1) formal mentorship channels; 2) scholarships and awards; 3) training and exposure opportunities; and 4) infrastructural approaches. Ultimately, a data-driven approach is needed to improve representation and empowerment of women in neurosurgery and to best direct the neurosurgical community's efforts across the globe.<br /><br /> Within neurosurgery, there are fewer women than men at all levels. The authors aimed to assess whether opportunities and representation within neurosurgery are proportional to the existing gender gap.<br /><br /> The authors analyzed the program of the 2019 joint European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS)/Society of British Neurological Surgeons (SBNS) conference to assess the proportions of presentations given through abstract submission and invitation by men and women. They compared proportions to the previous joint conference in 2007 and to the gender proportions of board-certified European neurosurgeons.<br /><br /> Women delivered 75/577 (13%) presentations at the 2019 EANS/SBNS conference 54/283 (19%) abstract submissions and 21/294 (7%) invited presentations. Fifteen of 152 (10%) session chairs were women. This increased significantly from 4/121 (3%) presentations delivered by women in 2007. When only presentations given by neurosurgeons (residents or consultants) were analyzed, the proportion of female spea been shown to be effective in other disciplines, such as improving minority group representation in organizing committees.<br /><br />The proportion of women delivering invited presentations and chairing sessions at a European neurosurgical conference is lower than expected from the available pool of board-certified neurosurgeons. The proportion of women participating is higher through application (abstract submission) than through invitation. The higher proportion of presentations from abstract submission may reflect submission from a pool of trainees with a higher proportion of women. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/icrt3.html selleck chemicals] The authors suggest implementation of strategies that increase invited speakers from minority groups and have been shown to be effective in other disciplines, such as improving minority group representation in organizing committees.The presence of women in neurosurgery is slowly but surely gaining momentum as many aspiring young female medical residents are being enticed by this fascinating branch. History is rife with the struggles of pioneering women who entered the neurosurgical profession against all odds, formed a firm foothold, and built a legacy for generations to emulate. Prof. Yoko Kato has spent her entire lifetime in the service of neurosurgery and taking it to the remotest corners of the world. Her persistence and conviction have made her one of the most admired neurosurgeons in the world and the most loved neurosurgeon for those in the less privileged countries. She has inspired and trained an entire generation of neurosurgeons. Her contributions will always be a glorious chapter in the world book of neurosurgery.<br /><br /> Gender disparities in neurosurgery have persisted even as the number of female medical students in many countries has risen. An understanding of the current gender distribution of neurosurgeons around the world and the possible factors contributing to country-specific gender disparities is an important step in improving gender equity in the field.<br /><br /> The authors performed a systematic review of studies pertaining to women in neurosurgery. Papers listed in PubMed in the English language were collected. A modified grounded theory approach was utilized to systematically identify and code factors noted to contribute to gender disparities in neurosurgery. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows.<br /><br /> The authors identified 39 studies describing the density of women neurosurgeons in particular regions, 18 of which documented the proportion of practicing female neurosurgeons in a single or in multiple countries. The majority of these studies were published within the last 5 years. Eightlso frequently mentioned. Future studies are necessary to assess the influence of country-specific sociopolitical factors that push and pull individuals of all backgrounds to enter this field.<br /><br /> Although the past decades have seen a steady increase of women in medicine in general, women continue to represent a minority of the physician-training staff and workforce in neurosurgery in Canada and worldwide. As such, the aim of this study was to analyze the experiences of women faculty practicing neurosurgery across Canada to better understand and address the factors contributing to this disparity.<br /><br /> A historical, cross-sectional, and mixed-method analysis of survey responses was performed using survey results obtained from women attending neurosurgeons across Canada. A web-based survey platform was utilized to collect responses. Quantitative analyses were performed on the responses from the study questionnaire, including summary and comparative statistics. Qualitative analyses of free-text responses were performed using axial and open coding.<br /><br /> A total of 19 of 31 respondents (61.3%) completed the survey. Positive enabling factors for career success included supportive colleagues and work environment (52.