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nd response of China's primary care system in future disease outbreaks.<br /><br />Due to their roles in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, PCPs in China faced a series of barriers that affected them physically and mentally. Support for PCPs should help them to overcome these barriers and work efficiently. The current findings provide insight into the challenges and potential solutions for strengthening the preparedness and response of China's primary care system in future disease outbreaks.<br /><br /> Medicare is estimated to cover 14% of the population of the USA (Henry J Kais Fam Found 2017), over fifty million people. Despite covering a smaller percentage of the population than employer-sponsored insurance and Medicaid, Medicare is the most common payer for inpatient encounters. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ins018-055-ism001-055.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ins018-055-ism001-055.html] The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project estimated that in 2015, Medicare was the primary payer for 39.4% of hospitalizations (HCUP 2019). While in daily practice it may be practical to assume that patients eligible for Medicare are financially insulated from the costs of care, the reality is that no care exists in a vacuum. Medicare is a complex program that mitigates but does not completely eliminate costs to patients.<br /><br /> This review aims to shed light for providers on the basics of Medicare, and how beneficiaries are impacted financially by their care to better understand some of the social barriers our patients face in seeking care.<br /><br />This review aims to shed light for providers on the basics of Medicare, and how beneficiaries are impacted financially by their care to better understand some of the social barriers our patients face in seeking care.<br /><br /> Nursing resources, such as staffing ratios and skill mix, vary across hospitals. Better nursing resources have been linked to better patient outcomes but are assumed to increase costs. The value of investments in nursing resources, in terms of clinical benefits relative to costs, is unclear.<br /><br /> To determine whether there are differential clinical outcomes, costs, and value among medical patients at hospitals characterized by better or worse nursing resources.<br /><br /> Matched cohort study of patients in 306 acute care hospitals.<br /><br /> A total of 74,045 matched pairs of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries admitted for common medical conditions (25,446 sepsis pairs; 16,332 congestive heart failure pairs; 12,811 pneumonia pairs; 10,598 stroke pairs; 8858 acute myocardial infarction pairs). Patients were also matched on hospital size, technology, and teaching status.<br /><br /> Better (n = 76) and worse (n = 230) nursing resourced hospitals were defined by patient-to-nurse ratios, skill mix, proportions of bachelors-degree nurseble outcomes at almost no difference in cost.<br /><br /> The learning and working environment for resident physicians shifted dramatically over the past two decades, with increased focus on work hours, resident wellness, and patient safety. Following two multi-center randomized trials comparing 16-h work limits for PGY-1 trainees to more flexible rules, the ACGME implemented new flexible work hours standards in 2017.<br /><br /> We sought to determine program directors' (PDs) support for the work hour changes and programmatic response.<br /><br /> In 2017, US Internal Medicine PDs were surveyed about their degree of support for extension of PGY-1 work hour limits, whether they adopted the new maximum continuous work hours permitted, and reasons for their decisions.<br /><br /> The response rate was 70% (266/379). Fifty-seven percent of PDs (n = 151) somewhat/strongly support the new work hour rules for PGY-1 residents, while only 25% of programs (N = 66) introduced work periods greater than 16-h on any rotation. Higher rates of adopting change were seen in PDs who strongly/somewhat supported the change (56/151 [37%], P &lt; 0.001), had tenure of 6+ years (33/93 [35%], P = 0.005), were of non-general internal medicine subspecialty (30/80 [38%], P = 0.003), at university-based programs (35/101 [35%], P = 0.009), and with increasing number of approved positions (&lt; 38, 10/63 [16%]; 38-58, 13/69 [19%]; 59-100, 15/64 [23%]; &gt; 100, 28/68 [41%], P = 0.005). Areas with the greatest influence for PDs not extending work hours were the 16-h rule working well (56%) and risk to PGY1 well-being (47%).<br /><br /> Although the majority of PDs support the ACGME 2017 work hours rules, only 25% of programs made immediate changes to extend hours. These data reveal that complex, often competing, forces influence PDs' decisions to change trainee schedules.<br /><br />Although the majority of PDs support the ACGME 2017 work hours rules, only 25% of programs made immediate changes to extend hours. These data reveal that complex, often competing, forces influence PDs' decisions to change trainee schedules.<br /><br /> Whether emergency medical services (EMS) transport improves disability outcomes compared with other transport among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients is unknown.<br /><br /> To study severity-adjusted associations of hospital arrival mode (EMS vs. other transport) with in-hospital and discharge disability outcomes.<br /><br /> Prospective observational study.<br /><br /> AIS patients discharged April 2016 to October 2017 from a safety-net hospital in South Carolina.<br /><br /> National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) change at discharge (admission NIHSS score minus discharge NIHSS, continuous variable), 24-h NIHSS change (attaining high improvement, admission NIHSS minus 24-h NIHSS being 75th percentile or higher), door to neuroimaging (DTI) time, and IV alteplase receipt. NIHSS change was assessed within stroke severity groups, mild, moderate, and severe (admission NIHSS 0-5, 6-14, and ≥ 15, respectively).<br /><br /> Of 1168 patients, 838 were study-eligible (52% male, 52.4% Black, 72.2% EMS arrivals, 56.6% mild strokes). Severe and moderatlifestyle in order to minimize post-stroke disability.<br /><br />The findings offer evidence for including stroke education as a standard of care in the primary care management of patients with stroke-risk comorbidities/lifestyle in order to minimize post-stroke disability.Efforts to improve cancer care primarily come from two fields improvement science and implementation science. The two fields have developed independently, yet they have potential for synergy. Leveraging that synergy to enhance alignment could both reduce duplication and, more importantly, enhance the potential of both fields to improve care. To better understand potential for alignment, we examined 20 highly cited cancer-related improvement science and implementation science studies published in the past 5 years, characterizing and comparing their objectives, methods, and approaches to practice change. We categorized studies as improvement science or implementation science based on authors' descriptions when possible; otherwise, we categorized studies as improvement science if they evaluated efforts to improve the quality, value, or safety of care, or implementation science if they evaluated efforts to promote the implementation of evidence-based interventions into practice. All implementation studies (10/10) and most improvement science studies (6/10) sought to improve uptake of evidence-based interventions.