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Through its application in 2- and 3-dimensional, homogeneous and heterogenous numerical models, it is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is capable of replicating results as compared to 'gold' standard where the absolute optical properties are known. Additionally, the algorithm has been applied to experimental data using a tissue mimicking block phantom, recovering a spatial light distribution that has a localization error of ∼1.53 mm, which is better than previously published results without the need of assumptions regarding the underlying optical properties or source distribution.We present nonlinear microscopy imaging results and analysis from canine mammary cancer biopsies. Second harmonic generation imaging allows information of the collagen structure in the extracellular matrix that together with the fluorescence of the cell regions of the biopsies form a base for comprehensive image analysis. We demonstrate an automated image analysis method to classify the histological type of canine mammary cancer using a range of parameters extracted from the images. The software developed for image processing and analysis allows for the extraction of the collagen fibre network and the cell regions of the images. Thus, the tissue properties are obtained after the segmentation of the image and the metrics are measured specifically for the collagen and the cell regions. A linear discriminant analysis including all the extracted metrics allowed to clearly separate between the healthy and cancerous tissue with a 91%-accuracy. Also, a 61%-accuracy was achieved for a comparison of healthy and three histological cancer subtypes studied.Two main bottlenecks prevent time-domain diffuse optics instruments to reach their maximum performances, namely the limited light harvesting capability of the detection chain and the bounded data throughput of the timing electronics. In this work, for the first time to our knowledge, we overcome both those limitations using a probe-hosted large area silicon photomultiplier detector coupled to high-throughput timing electronics. The system performances were assessed based on international protocols for diffuse optical imagers showing better figures with respect to a state-of-the-art device. As a first step towards applications, proof-of-principle in-vivo brain activation measurements demonstrated superior signal-to-noise ratio as compared to current technologies.When imaging birefringent samples using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), the phase retardation may appear opposite to the phase change due to the blood flow in the orthogonal signals, for which a cancellation effect can occur when deriving OCTA signals. This effect can diminish the ability of OCTA to detect vascular information, leading to an erroneous interpretation of the final OCTA images. To mitigate this issue, we demonstrate polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to image microvascular information within a living sample without polarization induced artifacts. The system is furnished with a swept source OCT (SS-OCT) that incorporates two imaging modes OCTA imaging and polarization-sensitive imaging. PS-OCT is used to provide birefringent contrast where the color-encoded Stokes parameters are used to obtain high contrast polarization-state images. OCTA is used to acquire high-resolution images of functional microvascular networks permeating the scanned tissue volume. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tp-0903.html Selleckchem TP-0903] Taking the advantages of the dual-channel PS-OCT configuration, the polarization induced artifacts are eliminated from OCTA vascular imaging. The proposed PS-OCTA system is employed to visualize the birefringent components and the vascular networks of the human skin in vivo. It is expected that the proposed system setup would have useful and practical applications in the investigations of the vasculature in the birefringent tissue samples both pre-clinically and clinically.Recently proposed deep learning (DL) algorithms for the segmentation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to quantify the morphological changes to the optic nerve head (ONH) tissues during glaucoma have limited clinical adoption due to their device specific nature and the difficulty in preparing manual segmentations (training data). We propose a DL-based 3D segmentation framework that is easily translatable across OCT devices in a label-free manner (i.e. without the need to manually re-segment data for each device). Specifically, we developed 2 sets of DL networks the 'enhancer' (enhance OCT image quality and harmonize image characteristics from 3 devices) and the 'ONH-Net' (3D segmentation of 6 ONH tissues). We found that only when the 'enhancer' was used to preprocess the OCT images, the 'ONH-Net' trained on any of the 3 devices successfully segmented ONH tissues from the other two unseen devices with high performance (Dice coefficients &gt; 0.92). We demonstrate that is possible to automatically segment OCT images from new devices without ever needing manual segmentation data from them.Corneal biomechanics play a fundamental role in the genesis and progression of corneal pathologies, such as keratoconus; in corneal remodeling after corneal surgery; and in affecting the measurement accuracy of glaucoma biomarkers, such as the intraocular pressure (IOP). Air-puff induced corneal deformation imaging reveals information highlighting normal and pathological corneal response to a non-contact mechanical excitation. However, current commercial systems are limited to monitoring corneal deformation only on one corneal meridian. Here, we present a novel custom-developed swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) system, coupled with a collinear air-puff excitation, capable of acquiring dynamic corneal deformation on multiple meridians. Backed by numerical simulations of corneal deformations, we propose two different scan patterns, aided by low coil impedance galvanometric scan mirrors that permit an appropriate compromise between temporal and spatial sampling of the corneal deformation profiles. We customized the air-puff module to provide an unobstructed SSOCT field of view and different peak pressures, air-puff durations, and distances to the eye. We acquired multi-meridian corneal deformation profiles (a) in healthy human eyes in vivo, (b) in porcine eyes ex vivo under varying controlled IOP, and (c) in a keratoconus-mimicking porcine eye ex vivo. We detected deformation asymmetries, as predicted by numerical simulations, otherwise missed on a single meridian that will substantially aid in corneal biomechanics diagnostics and pathology screening.Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering aims to develop 3D scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix to regenerate bone defects and damages. In this paper, we provide a laser speckle analysis to characterize the highly porous scaffold. The experimental procedure includes in situ acquisition of speckle patterns of the bone scaffold at different times under preserved environmental conditions, and follow-up statistical post-processing toward examining its internal activity. The activity and overall viscoelastic properties of scaffolds are expressed via several statistical parameters, and the variations in the computed parameters are attributed to time-varying activity of the samples during their internal substructure migration.In most biomedical optical spectroscopy platforms, a fiber-probe consisting of single or multiple illumination and collection fibers was commonly used for the delivery of illuminating light and the collection of emitted light. Typically, the signals from all collection fibers were combined and then sampled to characterize tissue samples. Such simple averaged optical measurements may induce significant errors for in vivo tumor characterization, especially in longitudinal studies where the tumor size and location vary with tumor stages. In this study, we utilized the Monte Carlo technique to optimize the fiber-probe geometries of a spectroscopy platform to enable tumor-sensitive diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements on murine subcutaneous tissues with growing solid tumors that have different sizes and depths. Our data showed that depth-sensitive techniques offer improved sensitivity in tumor detection compared to the simple averaged approach in both reflectance and fluorescence measurements. link2 Through the numerical studies, we optimized the source-detector distances, fiber diameters, and numerical apertures for sensitive measurement of small solid tumors with varying size and depth buried in murine subcutaneous tissues. Our study will advance the design of a fiber-probe in an optical spectroscopy system that can be used for longitudinal tumor metabolism and vasculature monitoring.Dynamic biological systems present challenges to existing three-dimensional (3D) optical microscopes because of their continuous temporal and spatial changes. Most techniques are rigid in adapting the acquisition parameters over time, as in confocal microscopy, where a laser beam is sequentially scanned at a predefined spatial sampling rate and pixel dwell time. Such lack of tunability forces a user to provide scan parameters, which may not be optimal, based on the best assumption before an acquisition starts. Here, we developed volumetric Lissajous confocal microscopy to achieve unsurpassed 3D scanning speed with a tunable sampling rate. The system combines an acoustic liquid lens for continuous axial focus translation with a resonant scanning mirror. Accordingly, the excitation beam follows a dynamic Lissajous trajectory enabling sub-millisecond acquisitions of image series containing 3D information at a sub-Nyquist sampling rate. By temporal accumulation and/or advanced interpolation algorithms, the volumetric imaging rate is selectable using a post-processing step at the desired spatiotemporal resolution for events of interest. We demonstrate multicolor and calcium imaging over volumes of tens of cubic microns with 3D acquisition speeds of 30 Hz and frame rates up to 5 kHz.Multispectral imaging (MSI) of the retina and choroid has increasing interest for better diagnosis and treatment evaluation of eye diseases. However, currently available MSI systems have a limited field of view (FOV) to evaluate the peripheral retina. link3 This study is to validate trans-pars-planar illumination for a contact-mode ultra-widefield MSI system. By freeing the available pupil for collecting imaging light only, the trans-pars-planar illumination enables a portable, non-mydriatic fundus camera, with 200° FOV in a single fundus image. The trans-pars-planar illumination, delivering illumination light from one side of the eye, naturally enables oblique illumination ophthalmoscopy to enhance the contrast of fundus imaging. A broadband (104 nm) 565 nm light-emitting diode (LED) is used for validating color fundus imaging first. Four narrowband (17-60 nm) 530 nm, 625 nm, 780 nm, and 970 nm LEDs are tested for MSI. With 530 nm illumination, the fundus image reveals retinal vasculature predominantly. 625 nm and 780 nm illuminations enhance the visibility of choroidal vasculature. With further increased wavelength of 970 nm, the fundus image is predominated by large veins in the choroid, with multiple vortex ampullas observed simultaneously in a single fundus image.