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In the beginning, cerebral ultrasound (US) was not considered feasible because the intact skull was a seemingly impenetrable obstacle. For this reason, obtaining a clear image resolution had been a challenge since the first use of neuroultrasound (NUS) for the assessment of small deep brain structures. However, the improvements in transducer technologies and advances in signal processing have refined the image resolution, and the role of NUS has evolved as an imaging modality for the brain parenchyma within multiple pathologies. This article summarizes ten crucial applications of cerebral ultrasonography for the evaluation and management of neurocritical patients, whose transfer from and to intensive care units poses a real problem to medical care staff. This also encompasses ease of use, low cost, wide acceptance by patients, no radiation risk, and relative independence from movement artifacts. Bedsides, availability and reliability raised the interest of critical care intensivists in using it with increasing frequency. In this mini-review, the usefulness and the advantages of US in the neurocritical care setting are discussed regarding ten aspects to encourage the intensivist physician to practice this important tool.We investigated the existence and potential pathogenicity of a SLC9A6 splicing variant in a Chinese boy with Christianson Syndrome (CS), which was reported for the first time in China. Trio whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in the proband and his parents. Multiple computer prediction tools were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of the variant, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and cDNA sequencing were performed to verify the RNA splicing results. The patient presented with characteristic features of CS global developmental delay, seizures, absent speech, truncal ataxia, microcephaly, ophthalmoplegia, smiling face and hyperkinesis with electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES) detected in an electroencephalogram (EEG). A SLC9A6 splicing variant was identified by WES and complete skipping of exon 10 was confirmed by RT-PCR. This resulted in altered gene function and was predicted to be pathogenic. ESES observed early in the disease course is considered to be a significant feature of CS with the SLC9A6 variant. Combined genetic analysis at both the DNA and RNA levels is necessary to confirm the pathogenicity of this variant and its role in the clinical diagnosis of CS.<br /><br /> Strategy for the acute management of minor ischemic stroke (IS) with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is under debate, especially the benefits of mechanical thrombectomy. The frequency of minor IS with LVO among overall patients is not well established. This study aimed to assess the proportion of minor IS and to depict characteristics of patients according to the presence of LVO in a comprehensive population-based setting.<br /><br /> Patients with acute IS were prospectively identified among residents of Dijon, France, using a population-based registry (2013-2017). All arterial imaging exams were reviewed to assess arterial occlusion. Minor stroke was defined as that with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of &lt;6. Proportion of patients with LVO was estimated in the minor IS population. The clinical presentation of patients was compared according to the presence of an LVO.<br /><br /> Nine hundred seventy-one patients were registered, including 582 (59.9%) patients with a minor IS. Of these patients, 23e absence of obvious predictors of proximal LVO.Introduction Recent reports revealed that higher serum glucose-potassium ratio (GPR) levels at admission were significantly associated with poor outcomes at 3 months following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This study aimed to investigate the association between GPR and the risk of rebleeding following aSAH. Methods This single-center retrospective study of patients with aSAH was conducted in our hospital between January 2008 and December 2020. Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into the rebleed group and the non-rebleed group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were implemented to assess the association between risk factors of rebleeding and outcomes. Results A total of 1,367 patients experiencing aSAH, 744 patients who met the entry criteria in the study [mean age (54.89 ± 11.30) years; 60.50% female patients], of whom 45 (6.05%) developed rebleeding. The patients in the rebleed group had significantly higher GPR levels than those of patients without rebleeding [2.13 (1.56-3.) vs. 1.45 (1.20-1.80); p less then 0.001]. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that GPR was an independent predictor for poor prognosis. The AUC of GPR was 0.709 (95% CI 0.675-0.741; p less then 0.0001) (sensitivity = 77.70%; specificity = 55.54%) for poor prognosis. Conclusion Higher preoperative serum GPR level was associated with Hunt-Hess grade, mFisher grade, rebleeding, and unfunctional outcome, and that they predicted preoperative rebleeding and the 90-days outcome of non-diabetic patients with aSAH, who had potentially relevant clinical implications in patients with aSAH.Learning from errors as the main mechanism for motor adaptation has two fundamental prerequisites a mismatch between the intended and performed movement and the ability to adapt motor actions. Many neurological patients are limited in their ability to transfer an altered motor representation into motor action due to a compromised motor pathway. Studies that have investigated the effects of a sustained and unresolvable mismatch over multiple days found changes in brain processing that seem to optimize the potential for motor learning (increased drive for motor adaptation and a weakening of the current implementation of motor programs). However, it remains unclear whether the observed effects can be induced experimentally and more important after shorter periods. Here, we used task-based and resting-state fMRI to investigate whether the known pattern of cortical adaptations due to a sustained mismatch can be induced experimentally by a short (20 min), but unresolvable, sensory-motor mismatch by impaired facial movements in healthy participants by transient facial tapping. Similar to long-term mismatch, we found plastic changes in a network that includes the striatal, cerebellar and somatosensory brain areas. However, in contrast to long-term mismatch, we did not find the involvement of the cerebral motor cortex. The lack of the involvement of the motor cortex can be interpreted both as an effect of time and also as an effect of the lack of a reduction in the motor error. The similar effects of long-term and short-term mismatch on other parts of the sensory-motor network suggest that the brain-state caused by long-term mismatch can be (at least partly) induced by short-term mismatch. Further studies should investigate whether short-term mismatch interventions can be used as therapeutic strategy to induce an altered brain-state that increase the potential for motor learning.Background Clinical presentations and treatment programs about anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis still remain incompletely understood. Objective This study analyzed the clinical features and therapeutic effects of anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify published English and Chinese articles until April 2021. Data were extracted, analyzed, and recorded in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results A total of 80 publications detailing 485 subjects matched our inclusion criteria. Short-term memory loss (75.22%), faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) (52.53%), other seizures excluding FBDS (68.48%), psychiatric symptoms (57.67%), and sleep disturbances (34.30%) were the most frequently described symptoms in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Hyponatremia (54.90%) was the most common hematologic examination change. The risk of incidence rate of malignant tumors was higo reduce relapse rate were early identification, clear diagnosis, rapid treatment, and maintaining long-term treatment. The follow-up advice was suggested according to the research of paraneoplastic syndrome, and concern about tumors was vital as well.Background Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been evaluated in clinical trials. Although meta-analyses on this topic have been performed in the past, recent trials have added important information to the results of the comparison. However, little work has been done to compare the effect of MIS and conventional treatment on patient prognosis, especially mortality. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on May 1, 2021, for randomized controlled trials of MIS for spontaneous ICH. The primary outcome was defined as death at follow-up, while the secondary outcome was defined as death in different comparisons between MIS and craniotomy (CT) or medication (Me). Results The initial search yielded 12 high-quality randomized controlled trials involving 2,100 patients. We analyzed the odds ratios (ORs) for MIS compared with conventional treatment, including Me and conventional CT. The OR and confidence intervals (CIs) of the primary and secondary outcomes were 0.62 (0.45-0.85) for MIS vs. conventional treatment. We also conducted subgroup analyses and found that the ORs and CIs for MIS compared with that of conventional treatment in the short-term follow-up were 0.58 (0.42-0.80), and, in the long-term follow-up, was 0.67 (0.46-0.98); and found that ORs were 0.68 (0.48-0.98) for MIS vs. CT and 0.57 (0.41-0.79) for MIS vs. Me. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrates that certain patients with ICH benefit in short- and long-term follow-up from MIS over other treatments, including open surgery and conventional Me. Systematic Review Registration https//www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.Objectives To demonstrate the task-specificities of anticipatory muscle activations (AMAs) among different forward-reaching tasks and to explore the StartleReact Effect (SE) on AMAs in occurrence proportions, AMA onset latency or amplitude within these tasks in both healthy and stroke population. Methods Ten healthy and ten stroke subjects were recruited. Participants were asked to complete the three forward-reaching tasks (reaching, reaching to grasp a ball or cup) on the left and right hand, respectively, with two different starting signals (warning-Go, 80 dB and warning-startle, 114 dB). The surface electromyography of anterior deltoid (AD), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) on the moving side was recorded together with signals from bilateral sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM), lower trapezius (LT), latissimus dorsi (LD), and tibialis anterior (TA). Proportions of valid trials, the incidence of SE, AMA incidence of each muscle, and their onset latency and amplitude were involved = 60.68, p less then 0.001, η p 2 = 0.056). Furthermore, stroke survivors had a significantly lower incidence of SE than healthy subjects under startle (p less then 0.01). But all performed a higher incidence of ECR AMA onset (p less then 0.05) than with normal signal. In addition, the incidence of ECR AMAs of both non-paretic and paretic sides could be increased significantly via startle (p ≤ 0.02). Conclusions Healthy people have task-specific AMAs of muscle ECR when they perform forward-reaching tasks with different hand manipulations. However, this task-specific adjustment is lost in subacute stroke survivors. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Monensin-sodium-salt(Coban).html selleck compound] SE can improve the incidence of AMAs for all subjects in the forward-reaching tasks involving precision manipulations, but not change AMA onset latency and amplitude.