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The dorsal striatum, the largest subcortical structure of the basal ganglia, is critical in controlling motor, procedural, and reinforcement-based behaviors. Although in mammals the striatum extends widely along the rostro-caudal axis, current knowledge and derived theories about its anatomo-functional organization largely rely on results obtained from studies of its rostral sectors, leading to potentially oversimplified working models of the striatum as a whole. Recent findings indicate that the extreme caudal part of the striatum, also referred to as the tail of striatum (TS), represents an additional functional domain. Here, we provide an overview of past and recent studies revealing that the TS displays a heterogeneous cell-type-specific organization, and a unique input-output connectivity, which poises the TS as an integrator of sensory processing.<br /><br /> Calcified nodule (CN) is an eruptive calcified mass causing acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Since coronary calcification is associated with an elevated cardiac event's risk, ACS attributable to CN may exhibit worse clinical outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<br /><br /> We retrospectively analyzed 657 ACS patients receiving PCI with newer-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation under intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance. CN was defined as (1) protruding calcification with its irregular surface and (2) the presence of calcification at adjacent proximal and distal segments. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac event [MACE=cardiac death+ACS recurrence+target lesion revascularization (TLR)].<br /><br /> CN was identified in 5.3% (=35/657) of the study subjects. CN patients were more likely to have coronary risk factors including hypertension (p=0.005), chronic kidney disease (p&lt;0.001), maintenance hemodialysis (p&lt;0.001) and a history of PCI (p&lt;0.001). During the observational period (median=1304 days), CN was associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR=7.68, 95%CI=4.61-12.80, p&lt;0.001), ACS recurrence (HR=12.32, 95%CI=6.05-25.11, p&lt;0.001) and TLR (HR=10.48, 95%CI=5.80-18.94, p&lt;0.001). These cardiac risks related to CN were consistently observed by Cox proportional hazards model (MACE p&lt;0.001, ACS recurrence p&lt;0.001, TLR p&lt;0.001) and a propensity score-matched cohort analysis (MACE p=0.002, ACS recurrence p=0.01, TLR p=0.005). Of note, over 80% of TLR at the CN lesion was driven by its re-appearance within the implanted DES.<br /><br /> ACS patients attributable to CN have an increased risk of ACS recurrence and TLR, mainly driven by the continuous growth and protrusion of the calcified mass.<br /><br />ACS patients attributable to CN have an increased risk of ACS recurrence and TLR, mainly driven by the continuous growth and protrusion of the calcified mass.<br /><br /> Recent studies have suggested that two PACS2 pathogenic variants, c.625G&gt;A (p.Glu209Lys) and c.631G&gt;A (p.Glu211Lys), have been causally linked to the characteristic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, including autistic behaviors, hypotonia, cerebellar dysgenesis and facial dysmorphism. Their seizures appear most difficult to control in neonatal and infant period, but improve after the first year of life. We herein report three patients with the same PACS2 variant, c.625G&gt;A (p.Glu209Lys), showing different characteristics from previous reports.<br /><br /> Case 1, a 2-year-old girl, developed frequent tonic convulsions 2weeks after birth. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a decrease in posterior periventricular white matter volume, an enlargement of the inferior horn of lateral ventricles and old subependymal hemorrhage. Epilepsy is now controlled with antiepileptic drugs. Case 2, a 12-year-old girl, developed generalized tonic convulsions 3days after birth. Although epilepsy had been controlled since the age of 4, she developed Lennox-Gastaut syndrome at 9years old. Case 3, a 3-year-old girl, developed tonic convulsions 3days after birth. She now exhibits normal psychomotor development, and epilepsy is controlled without medicine.<br /><br /> PACS2-related epileptic syndrome presents variable phenotypes than previously reported. We think that our findings expand the clinical spectrum of this disease, and provide important information about the differential diagnosis of neonatal-onset epileptic syndrome.<br /><br />PACS2-related epileptic syndrome presents variable phenotypes than previously reported. We think that our findings expand the clinical spectrum of this disease, and provide important information about the differential diagnosis of neonatal-onset epileptic syndrome.<br /><br /> Patients play a crucial role in surgical training, but little is known about the public's knowledge of general surgery training structure or opinion of resident assessment. Our aim was to evaluate the public's knowledge of general surgery training and assessment processes.<br /><br /> We administered an anonymous, electronic survey to US adult panelists using SurveyGizmo. We used Dillman's Tailored Design Method to optimize response rate. Questions pertained to demographics, knowledge of general surgery training structure, and opinions regarding resident assessment. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/b-ap15.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/b-ap15.html] Outcome measures included public knowledge of the structure of general surgery residency and the perceptions of resident assessment. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used as appropriate.<br /><br /> Survey response rate was 93% (2005 of 2148). Respondents had nationally representative demographics. Most respondents had health insurance (87%). Sixty-one percent of respondents believed that 100% of hospitals trained residents. Age &lt;40 years, Black race es may help inform patients about the structure of training and assessment of trainees to improve engagement of these important stakeholders in surgical training.<br /><br /> Transanal total mesorectal excision can be a technically challenging operation to master. While many early adopters have reported adequate outcomes, others have failed to reproduce these results. There are contradicting data on oncologic outcomes during the learning phase of this technique. Thus, our objective was to perform a multicentered assessment of oncological outcomes in patients undergoing transanal total mesorectal excision during the learning phase in a sample of successful adopting centers.<br /><br /> Surgeons from 8 centers with experience in the management of rectal cancer were invited to participate. The initial 51 consecutive benign and malignant cases of the participating units were retrospectively reviewed, but only 366 cancer cases were included in the analysis. Procedures were divided into implementation (ie, the first 10 cases) and postimplementation (ie, case 11 on onwards) groups, and the main outcome was the incidence of local recurrence.<br /><br /> The overall prevalence of local recurrence was 4.1% at a median follow-up of 35 months (interquartile range 20.