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Citicoline is a drug used both in degenerative and in vascular cognitive decline; memantine is a drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our hypothesis is that their combined use could have an enhanced action in patients affected with AD and mixed dementia (MD) too. We report the main tips from a recent study on the use of these drugs, the CITIMEM study.<br /><br /> The study was retrospective and was performed on 126 patients aged 65 years old or older affected with AD or MD (mean age 80.7 ± 5.2 years old) who had been visited between 2015 and 2017 in four different centers for dementia all over Italy. Neuropsychological and functional tests were administered at baseline (T0), after 6 (T1), and 12 months (T2). The effects of combined treatment versus memantine alone on cognitive functions assessed by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the possible onset of side effects or adverse events, as well as the influence on daily life functions and behavioral symptoms were investigated.<br /><br /> Patients undergoing combined treatment showed a significant increase in MMSE vs memantine alone, both at T1 (p=0.003) and T2 (p =0.000).<br /><br /> The CITIMEM study confirms our hypothesis that combined administration of memantine plus citicoline is safe and more effective than memantine alone on cognition in patients suffering from AD or MD.<br /><br />The CITIMEM study confirms our hypothesis that combined administration of memantine plus citicoline is safe and more effective than memantine alone on cognition in patients suffering from AD or MD.Some elderly commit suicide due to the interaction of various factors including, for example, feelings of loneliness, financial distress, alcohol abuse, chronic pain, progressive diseases, and personality disorders. The data from the EU countries with the highest rates of suicide and suicide attempts among people over 55 years of age warrant the consideration of new approaches to address this social problem.<br /><br /> PubMed and other databases including Polish National data were used for the analyses.<br /><br /> The average European suicide-attempt rate is 18 per 100 thousand inhabitants. More cases of suicides were reported among those over 55 years of age. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/-epicatechin.html Epicatechin Antioxidant chemical] Suicide attempts from 2012 to 2014 and deaths in 2012 have been reviewed. The risk factors involved in these events such as, depression, social situation including loneliness, health condition, etc., have been discussed to suggest a plausible preventative approach for this important elderly problem.<br /><br /> The psychophysiology of elderly persons affected by retirement, socio-economic changes, limited personal autonomy, loneliness, lack of support by the family, and diseases ultimately may lead elderly persons to commit suicide. Thus, financial freedom, family support (respect, love, and care), proper medications, psychological, and psychiatric interventions may help the elderly avoid suicidal thoughts and prevent attempts.<br /><br />The psychophysiology of elderly persons affected by retirement, socio-economic changes, limited personal autonomy, loneliness, lack of support by the family, and diseases ultimately may lead elderly persons to commit suicide. Thus, financial freedom, family support (respect, love, and care), proper medications, psychological, and psychiatric interventions may help the elderly avoid suicidal thoughts and prevent attempts.<br /><br /> The aim of the current research to formulate a nano delivery system for effective delivery of primaquine for liver targeting to achieve the potential antimalarial activity. An objective of current development is to formulate a lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene based nanodelivery of primaquine for liver targeting to distinguish antimalarial activity.<br /><br /> The particle size, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release pattern, hepatotoxicity, MTT assay, erythrocyte toxicity assay, histopathology study, HepG2 cell uptake study, antimalarial study, and organ-distribution was also carried out to estimate the activity and potential features of nanoparticle system.<br /><br /> The results obtained from the above analysis justify the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The NMR studies confirm the conjugation pattern and the TEM represent the spherical morphological features of nanoparticles. The controlled release pattern from the in-vitro release study was observed and found to be 73.25% of drug release in 2ng, least toxicity to the liver, controlled release of the drug as well as higher antimalarial activity against hepatocytes in low dose and more effectively and can be treated as a potential candidate for antimalarial therapy.<br /><br />From the studies, it can be concluded that the optimized formulation of drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles showed high liver targeting, least toxicity to the liver, controlled release of the drug as well as higher antimalarial activity against hepatocytes in low dose and more effectively and can be treated as a potential candidate for antimalarial therapy.There is universal agreement that when lifestyle modifications are inadequate to control the hyperglycemia, metformin should be considered as the first line pharmacological therapy. However, when metformin monotherapy fails, there is no consensus as to which drug should be added. Many new classes of drugs that are currently available including DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors have undergone cardiovascular outcome trials which had been made mandatory by the regulatory authority and thereby established their cardiovascular safety or at least neutrality. Though sulfonylureas are one of the widely prescribed drugs both in developed and developing countries and have proven their efficacy for glycemic control and prevention of microvascular complications, there is considerable uncertainty about its cardiovascular safety which has been going on for nearly five decades. In this review we will critically analyze the efficacy and cardiovascular safety of sulphonylurea, based on the latest available literature to clarify their role in our day-to-day clinical practice.<br /><br /> Gout, an inflammatory arthritis, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals into affected joints and other tissues has become one of the major health problems of today's world. The main risk factor for gout is hyperuricemia, which may be caused by excessive or insufficient excretion of uric acid. The incidence is usually in the age group of 30- 50 years, commonly in males. In developed countries, the incidence of gout ranges from 1 to 4%. Despite effective treatments, there has been an increase in the number of cases over the past few decades.<br /><br /> In recent years, the development of targeted drugs in gout has made significant achievements. The global impact of gout continues to increase, and as a result, the focus of disease-modifying therapies remains elusive. In addition, the characterization of available instrumental compounds is urgently needed to explore the use of novel selective and key protein-ligand interactions for the effective treatment of gout. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key target in gout to consider the use of XO inhibitors in patients with mild to moderate condition, however, the costs are high and no other direct progress has been made.