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Baicalin treatment significantly reduced serum levels of MP‑IgM and CRP expression in lung tissue during MP infection. In addition, Baicalin decreased the levels of IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑18 and TNF‑α in the BALF, and the number of inflammatory cells. Baicalin also reduced the inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue induced by MP infection, improved the pathological changes detected in lung tissue, reduced apoptosis, and downregulated the protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF‑κB. Furthermore, Baicalin treatment downregulated the expression of miR‑221 and the protective effects of Baicalin were attenuated by miR‑221 overexpression. In conclusion, Baicalin has a therapeutic effect on mice with MP infection‑induced lung injury, which may be related to inhibition of miR‑221 expression and regulation of the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway.Alexander disease (AxD) is a cerebral white matter disease affecting a wide range of ages, from infants to adults. In the present study, two cases of bulbospinal form AxD were reported, and a preliminary exploration of AxD was conducted thorough clinical, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional analyses. In total, two de novo mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene (c.214G&gt;A and c.1235C&gt;T) were identified in unrelated patients (one in each patient). Both patients showed increased regional neural activity and functional connectivity in the cerebellum and posterior parietal cortex according to fMRI analysis. Notably, grey matter atrophy was discovered in the patient with c.214G&gt;A variant. Functional experiments revealed aberrant accumulation of mutant GFAP and decreased solubility of c.1235C&gt;T variant. Under pathological conditions, autophagic flux was activated for GFAP aggregate degradation. Moreover, transcriptional data of AxD and healthy human brain samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed an upregulation of immune‑related responses and downregulation of ion transport, synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter homeostasis. Enrichment analysis of cell‑specific differentially expressed genes also indicated a marked inflammatory environment in AxD. Overall, the clinical features of the two patients with bulbospinal form AxD were thoroughly described. To the best of our knowledge, the brain atrophy pattern and spontaneous brain functional network activity of patients with AxD were explored for the first time. Cytological experiments provided evidence of the pathogenicity of the identified variants. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis found that inflammatory immune‑related reactions may play a critical role in AxD, which may be conducive to the understanding of this disease.The tea family (Theaceae) has a highly unusual amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution most extant species in the family are restricted to subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in East Asia, while a handful of species occur exclusively in the subtropical and tropical Americas. Here we used an approach that integrates the rich fossil evidence of this group with phylogenies in biogeographic analysis to study the processes behind this distribution pattern. We first combined genome-skimming sequencing with existing molecular data to build a robust species-level phylogeny for c.140 Theaceae species, resolving most important unclarified relationships. We then developed an empirical Bayesian method to incorporate distribution evidence from fossil specimens into historical biogeographic analyses and used this method to account for the spatiotemporal history of Theaceae fossils. We compared our method with an alternative Bayesian approach and show that it provides consistent results while significantly reduces computational demands which allows analyses of much larger datasets. Our analyses revealed a circumboreal distribution of the family from the early Cenozoic to the Miocene and inferred repeated expansions and retractions of the modelled distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that the current Theaceae distribution could be the remnant of a larger continuous distribution associated with the boreotropical forest that has been hypothesized to occupy most of the northern latitudes in the early Cenozoic. These results contradict with studies that only considered current species distributions and showcase the necessity of integrating fossil and molecular data in phylogeny-based parametric biogeographic models to improve the reliability of inferred biogeographical events.Signal plasticity can maximize the usefulness of costly animal signals such as the electric organ discharges (EODs) of weakly electric fishes. Some species of the order Gymnotiformes rapidly alter their EOD amplitude and duration in response to circadian cues and social stimuli. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-3543.html CX-3543] How this plasticity is maintained across related species with different degrees of signal complexity is poorly understood. In one genus of weakly electric gymnotiform fish (Brachyhypopomus), only one species, B. bennetti, produces a monophasic signal while all other species emit complex biphasic or multiphasic EOD waveforms produced by two overlapping but asynchronous action potentials in each electric organ cell (electrocyte). One consequence of this signal complexity is the suppression of low-frequency signal content that is detectable by electroreceptive predators. In complex EODs, reduction of the EOD amplitude and duration during daytime inactivity can decrease both predation risk and the metabolic cost of EOD generation. We compared EOD plasticity and its underlying physiology in Brachyhypopomus focusing on B. bennetti. We found that B. bennetti exhibits minimal EOD plasticity, but that its electrocytes retained vestigial mechanisms of biphasic signaling and vestigial mechanisms for modulating the EOD amplitude. These results suggest that this species represents a transitional phenotypic state within a clade where signal complexity and plasticity were initially gained and then lost. Signal mimicry, mate recognition and sexual selection are potential factors maintaining the monophasic EOD phenotype in the face of detection by electroreceptive predators.