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BACKGROUND Because of conflicting reports regarding the relationship between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ovarian cancer, we performed an updated meta-analysis to investigate the association between PID and the risk of this malignancy. METHODS Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched up until November 1, 2019. Hazard ratios (HRs), along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated to analyse outcomes. RESULTS We included 16 studies in this meta-analysis. PID was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.22; I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;41%). In subgroup analyses according to ethnicity, study design, tumour invasiveness, and type of ovarian cancer, PID was significantly associated with ovarian cancer in all subgroups. The lowest heterogeneity (I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;0% to 38%) was observed for associations between PID and ovarian cancer in Asian patients (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.42), ovarian cancer in case-control studies (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.23), invasive ovarian cancer (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.30), borderline ovarian cancer (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.37), and non-serous ovarian cancer (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS This updated meta-analysis demonstrated that PID is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Future large, well-designed studies are necessary to corroborate our findings. The aim of this work was to study sequential batch fermentation of glucose with a biological consortium amended with nine different biochars or with an activated carbon. The glucose fermentation was enhanced by carbon amendment, with activated carbon being more effective than biochars as cell carriers and electron conductors between functional species. The volatile fatty acid distributions were shifted in the consumption of the produced H2 and CO2. The types of biochars were irrelevant to glucose glycolysis and the subsequent H2 and CO2 consumption reactions. Biofilm growth affects the detailed mechanisms occurred in fermentation broth to the yielded volatile fatty acid distributions. The main aim of this work was to firstly develop a selective oxidation approach for biologically converting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural into the corresponding furan-based carboxylic acids with recombinant Escherichia coli HMFOMUT. Whole-cells of this recombinant strain harbored good biocatalytic activity in a narrow pH range (pH 6.5-7.0), which had high tolerance toward furfural (up to 50&nbsp;mM) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (up to 150&nbsp;mM), well-known potential inhibitors against microorganisms. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid and furoic acid could be obtained at 96.9% and 100% yield from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (150&nbsp;mM) and furfural (50&nbsp;mM) at 30&nbsp;°C and pH 7.0. The improved substrate tolerance of Escherichia coli HMFOMUT is gaining a great interest to synthesize value-added furan-based carboxylic acids, which has potential industrial applications. Sugarcane processing in sugar industry results in generation of vast amounts of wastes, which can be valorized to biofuels and value-added chemicals based on the concept of circular bioeconomy. For successful commercialization, economic and technological bottlenecks must be clearly identified. In this review, the state of the art of various valorization routes are discussed for each waste stream. Subsequently, studies quantifying the environmental impacts and performing techno-economic assessment are reviewed. The scope and bottlenecks involved in the commercialization of these routes are identified and discussed. The review shows that electricity production from bagasse has matured as a technology but the production of value-added chemicals is still lagging. Here, downstream separation and purification are the major hurdles needing technological innovation. Moreover, indirect environmental and human health benefits due to waste valorization are not adequately accounted for. Further, strong trade-offs between economic and environmental performance exist, necessitating systematic and region-specific decision-making framework. Oleaginous microalgae and yeast are of increasing interest as a renewable resource for single cell oils (SCOs). These have applications in fuels, feed and food products. In order to become cost competitive with existing terrestrial oils, a biorefinery approach is often taken where several product streams are valorised alongside the SCO. Whilst many life cycle assessment (LCA) and Techno-economic (TEA) studies have employed this biorefinery approach to SCO production, a systematic analysis of their implications is missing. This review evaluates the economic and environmental impacts associated with the use of coproducts. Overall, protein production plays the greatest role in determining viability, with coproduct strategy crucial to considering in the early stages of research and development. INTRODUCTION Treatments for male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor strengthening exercises, bulking agents, and surgical management. The most common surgical therapies for male stress incontinence include male slings and artificial urinary sphincters. Complications of these treatments are discussed in this review. AIM To review the current literature on SUI diagnosis and the management of common complications that occur after surgical treatments of male SUI. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed and Ovid to identify leading articles on the management of male SUI and the diagnosis and management of operative complications for male incontinence surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Main outcomes measured were complications and management strategies for operative complications after surgical therapies for male SUI. RESULTS 26 publications were cited after an extensive review of the current literature on surgical treatment of male SUI. Commonly cited issues included infection, erosion, and recurrent incontinence after implantation of male slings and artificial urinary sphincters. CONCLUSION Complications are inherent to any surgery; a thorough understanding of complications and treatment strategies after surgery for male SUI is essential for the practicing clinical urologist. Shelton TM, Brimley S, Tsambarlis P, Hellstrom WJG. Current Perspectives on Complications of Surgical Treatments for Male Stress Urinary Incontinence. Sex Med Rev 2020;XXXXX-XXX. Immunotherapy applications to glioblastoma represent a new treatment frontier. Antigen-targeted immunotherapy approaches hold enormous potential to elicit antigen-specific anti-tumor effects in central nervous system tumors. Still, the paucity of effective antigen targets remains a significant obstacle in safely and effectively treating glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas with relatively low mutation loads. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of and development of immunotherapy to target 1) shared non-mutant antigens 2) shared mutant antigens (neoantigens) derived from cancer-specific mutations 3) personalized neoantigens derived from tumor-specific genetic alterations containing de novo peptide sequences and 4) virus-derived antigens. We also discuss strategies to enhance tumor immunogenicity and neoantigen prediction. Spatial heterogeneity remains a formidable challenge for immunotherapy of glioma; recent advances in targeting multiple antigens and refining the antigen selection pipeline hold great promise to turn the tide against glioma. Although freeze-drying is an excellent method for preserving microorganisms, it inevitably reduces cell activity and function. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/TG100-115.html TG100-115 PI3K inhibitor] Moreover, probiotic strains differ in terms of their sensitivity to the freeze-drying process. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the variables relevant to this process. The pre-freezing temperature is a critical parameter of the freeze-drying process, but it remains unclear whether the optimal pre-freezing temperature differs among strains and protectants. This study explored the effects of 4 different pre-freezing temperatures on the survival rates of different Lactobacillus plantarum strains after freeze-drying in the presence of different protectants. Using phosphate-buffered saline solution and sorbitol as protectants, pre-freezing at -196°C, -40°C, and -20°C ensured the highest survival rates after freeze-drying for AR113, AR307, and WCFS1, respectively. Using trehalose, pre-freezing at -20°C ensured the best survival rate for AR113, and -60°C was the best pre-freezing temperature for AR307 and WCFS1. These results indicate that the pre-freezing temperature can be changed to improve the survival rate of L. plantarum, and that this effect is strain-specific. Further studies have demonstrated that pre-freezing temperature affected viability via changes in cell membrane integrity, membrane permeability, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. In summary, pre-freezing temperature is a crucial factor in L. plantarum survival after freeze-drying, and the choice of pre-freezing temperature depends on the strain and the protectant. Klebsiella pneumoniae, a common cause of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows, can cause severe clinical symptoms. However, its pathogenicity in the bovine mammary gland is not well understood. Our objectives were to establish an in vitro infection model of K. pneumoniae on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) to assess (1) cytopathogenicity (adhesive and invasive ability, damage and apoptosis, pro-inflammatory effects) of K. pneumoniae on bMEC and (2) the role of hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype on cytopathogenicity. Two K. pneumoniae isolates from CM cows, 1 HMV and 1 non-HMV, were used to infect bMEC. Adhesion and invasion ability, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultrastructural morphology, apoptosis, transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were characterized at various intervals. Both K. pneumoniae isolates rapidly adhered to and invaded bMEC within 1 h post infection (pi), causing ultrastructural damage (swelling of mitochondria and vesicle formation on cell surface) after 3 h pi and apoptotic death after 9 h pi. In addition, K. pneumoniae promoted transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and production of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokines. Compared with non-HMV K. pneumoniae, the HMV isolate had lower adhesive and invasive abilities but caused more serious cellular damage. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae was cytopathogenic on bMEC and induced a pro-inflammatory response; however, the HMV phenotype did not have a key role in pathogenicity. Therefore, more attention should be paid to milk loss, and targeted prevention and treatment strategies should be implemented in Klebsiella mastitis episodes. Historically, most dairy producers raised every heifer born, to ensure a supply of future replacements. However, advancements in transition and reproductive management, coupled with widespread use of sex-sorted semen in dairy heifers and cows, have led to an oversupply of dairy replacement heifers in the United States. With current market values for prepartum heifers at $1,300 and estimated raising costs ranging from $1,700 to $2,400, dairies that continue to produce quantities of heifers in excess of anticipated needs with plans of selling the extras on the open market are likely to experience significant economic loss. Adult cow herd turnover is the key driver behind the number of heifers needed to calve; however, mortality, disease, fertility, and elective culling losses throughout the heifer-raising period determine the total number of heifers that must be retained and raised to meet anticipated needs. A convenience sample of 50 US dairy herds revealed an average heifer inventory of 102% of total milking and dry cows.