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Formation of diverse patterns in spatially extended reaction-diffusion systems is an important aspect of study that is pertinent to many chemical and biological processes. Of special interest is the peculiar phenomenon of chimera state having spatial coexistence of coherent and incoherent dynamics in a system of identically interacting individuals. In the present article, we report the emergence of various collective dynamical patterns while considering a system of prey-predator dynamics in the presence of a two-dimensional diffusive environment. Particularly, we explore the observance of four distinct categories of spatial arrangements among the species, namely, spiral wave, spiral chimera, completely synchronized oscillations, and oscillation death states in a broad region of the diffusion-driven parameter space. Emergence of amplitude-mediated spiral chimera states displaying drifted amplitudes and phases in the incoherent subpopulation is detected for parameter values beyond both Turing and Hopf bifurcations. Transition scenarios among all these distinguishable patterns are numerically demonstrated for a wide range of the diffusion coefficients which reveal that the chimera states arise during the transition from oscillatory to steady-state dynamics. Furthermore, we characterize the occurrence of each of the recognizable patterns by estimating the strength of incoherent subpopulations in the two-dimensional space.Flow networks can describe many natural and artificial systems. We present a model for a flow system that allows for volume accumulation, includes conduits with a nonlinear relation between current and pressure difference, and can be applied to networks of arbitrary topology. The model displays complex dynamics, including self-sustained oscillations in the absence of any dynamics in the inputs and outputs. In this work we analytically show the origin of self-sustained oscillations for the one-dimensional case. We numerically study the behavior of systems of arbitrary topology under different conditions we discuss their excitability, the effect of different boundary conditions, and wave propagation when the network has regions of conduits with linear conductance.The steroid hormone glucocorticoid (GC) is a well-known immunosuppressant that controls T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response. In this work, we have developed a minimal kinetic network model of T-cell regulation connecting relevant experimental and clinical studies to quantitatively understand the long-term effects of GC on pro-inflammatory T-cell (T_pro) and anti-inflammatory T-cell (T_anti) dynamics. Due to the antagonistic relation between these two types of T cells, their long-term steady-state population ratio helps us to characterize three classified immune regulations (i) weak ([T_pro]&gt;[T_anti]), (ii) strong ([T_pro] less then [T_anti]), and (iii) moderate ([T_pro]∼[T_anti]), holding the characteristic bistability. In addition to the differences in their long-term steady-state outcome, each immune regulation shows distinct dynamical phases. In the presteady state, a characteristic intermediate stationary phase is observed to develop only in the moderate regulation regime. In the medicinal field, the resting time in this stationary phase is distinguished as a clinical latent period. GC dose-dependent steady-state analysis shows an optimal level of GC to drive a phase transition from the weak or autoimmune prone to the moderate regulation regime. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cpi-1205.html Lirametostat] Subsequently, the presteady state clinical latent period tends to diverge near that optimal GC level where [T_pro][T_anti] is highly balanced. The GC-optimized elongated stationary phase explains the rationale behind the requirement of long-term immune diagnostics, especially when long-term GC-based chemotherapeutics and other immunosuppressive drugs are administrated. Moreover, our study reveals GC sensitivity of clinical latent period, which might serve as an early warning signal in diagnosing different immune phases and determining immune phasewise steroid treatment.We propose a probability distribution for multivariate binary random variables. The probability distribution is expressed as principal minors of the parameter matrix, which is a matrix analogous to the inverse covariance matrix in the multivariate Gaussian distribution. In our model, the partition function, central moments, and the marginal and conditional distributions are expressed analytically. That is, summation over all possible states is not necessary for obtaining the partition function and various expected values, which is a problem with the conventional multivariate Bernoulli distribution. The proposed model has many similarities to the multivariate Gaussian distribution. For example, the marginal and conditional distributions are expressed in terms of the parameter matrix and its inverse matrix, respectively. That is, the inverse matrix represents a sort of partial correlation. The proposed distribution can be derived using Grassmann numbers, anticommuting numbers. Analytical expressions for the marginal and conditional distributions are also useful in generating random numbers for multivariate binary variables. Hence, we investigated sampling distributions of parameter estimates using synthetic datasets. The computational complexity of maximum likelihood estimation from observed data is proportional to the number of unique observed states, not to the number of all possible states as is required in the case of the conventional multivariate Bernoulli distribution. We empirically observed that the sampling distributions of the maximum likelihood estimates appear to be consistent and asymptotically normal.We study the distribution of lengths and other statistical properties of worms constructed by Monte Carlo worm algorithms in the power-law three-sublattice ordered phase of frustrated triangular and kagome lattice Ising antiferromagnets. Viewing each step of the worm construction as a position increment (step) of a random walker, we demonstrate that the persistence exponent θ and the dynamical exponent z of this random walk depend only on the universal power-law exponents of the underlying critical phase and not on the details of the worm algorithm or the microscopic Hamiltonian. Further, we argue that the detailed balance condition obeyed by such worm algorithms and the power-law correlations of the underlying equilibrium system together give rise to two related properties of this random walk First, the steps of the walk are expected to be power-law correlated in time. Second, the position distribution of the walker relative to its starting point is given by the equilibrium position distribution of a particle in an attractive logarithmic central potential of strength η_m, where η_m is the universal power-law exponent of the equilibrium defect-antidefect correlation function of the underlying spin system. We derive a scaling relation, z=(2-η_m)/(1-θ), that allows us to express the dynamical exponent z(η_m) of this process in terms of its persistence exponent θ(η_m). Our measurements of z(η_m) and θ(η_m) are consistent with this relation over a range of values of the universal equilibrium exponent η_m and yield subdiffusive (z&gt;2) values of z in the entire range. Thus, we demonstrate that the worms represent a discrete-time realization of a fractional Brownian motion characterized by these properties.The piriform cortex is rich in recurrent excitatory synaptic connections between pyramidal neurons. We asked how such connections could shape cortical responses to olfactory lateral olfactory tract (LOT) inputs. For this, we constructed a computational network model of anterior piriform cortex with 2000 multicompartment, multiconductance neurons (500 semilunar, 1000 layer 2 and 500 layer 3 pyramids; 200 superficial interneurons of two types; 500 deep interneurons of three types; 500 LOT afferents), incorporating published and unpublished data. With a given distribution of LOT firing patterns, and increasing the strength of recurrent excitation, a small number of firing patterns were observed in pyramidal cell networks first, sparse firings; then temporally and spatially concentrated epochs of action potentials, wherein each neuron fires one or two spikes; then more synchronized events, associated with bursts of action potentials in some pyramidal neurons. We suggest that one function of anterior piriform cortex is to transform ongoing streams of input spikes into temporally focused spike patterns, called here "cell assemblies", that are salient for downstream projection areas.<br /><br /> Mucopolysaccharidosis III, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, is characterized by progressive mental retardation and behavioral problems. Meta-analysis of global mucopolysaccharidosis III epidemiology, which serves as a fundamental reference for public health decision-making, was not available prior to this study. To provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence of mucopolysaccharidosis III in multiple countries.<br /><br /> MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for original research articles on the epidemiology of mucopolysaccharidosis III from inception until 1st July, 2020. A checklist adapted from STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) was used to assess the quality of all studies involved. Meta-analysis, adopting a random effects logistic model, was performed to estimate pooled birth prevalence of mucopolysaccharidosis III and its subtypes.<br /><br /> Twenty-five studies screened out of 1,826 records were included for data extraction. The pooecision-making by evaluating global epidemiology of mucopolysaccharidosis III.<br /><br /> Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by isolated glucocorticoid deficiency. Melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R) mediates the functions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the adrenal cortex. MC2R accessory protein (MRAP) is a transmembrane protein involved in the trafficking of MC2R to the cell surface. Mutations in <br /><br /> and <br /><br /> genes cause FGD type 1 and 2. In the present case series, we evaluate the clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up of six cases with FGD due to mutations in <br /><br /> and <br /><br /> .<br /><br /> Data of six cases with FGD (five with mutations in <br /><br /> and one with a mutation in <br /><br /> ) who were being followed at our paediatric endocrine centre was evaluated. Diagnosis of FGD was considered in case of elevated ACTH and inappropriately low cortisol level, and exclusion of other aetiologies. The main presenting complaints were hyperpigmentation and hypoglycaemic convulsion in all cases. During a follow-up period of 26-115months, one patient with homozygous 560delT mutation in <br /><br /> , one female with G226R mutation in <br /><br /> and one female with IVS3ds+1delG mutation in <br /><br /> had a neurodevelopmental delay (NDD), while the other three patients had normal neurodevelopment.<br /><br /> FGD patients due to MC2R and MRAP mutations with early diagnosis and compliance to the hydrocortisone therapy had normal neurodevelopment, while delay in diagnosis and poor compliance was associated with severe hypoglycaemic convulsions and subsequent complications NDD.<br /><br />FGD patients due to MC2R and MRAP mutations with early diagnosis and compliance to the hydrocortisone therapy had normal neurodevelopment, while delay in diagnosis and poor compliance was associated with severe hypoglycaemic convulsions and subsequent complications NDD.