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To better understand the persistence dynamics of enteropathogenic bacteria in freshwater wetland habitats, we constructed lab-scale mesocosms planted with two different wetland plant species using a subsurface flow wetland design. Mesocosms were treated with either a high-quality or a poor-quality water source to examine the effects of water quality exposure and plant species on Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus spp. in the rhizoplane, rhizosphere and water of wetland habitats.<br /><br /> Quantities of study micro-organisms were detected using real-time PCR in wetland mesocosms. A combination of molecular and culture-based methods was also used to enumerate these organisms from surface water and plant material at high, medium and poor water quality sites in the field. We found that all three enteropathogenic micro-organisms were influenced by microhabitat type and plant species. Organisms differed with respect to their predominant microhabitat and the extent of persistence associated with wetland plontribute to our understanding of wetland removal mechanisms for enteropathogenic bacteria. This study identifies the rhizoplane as a potentially important reservoir for human pathogenic micro-organisms and warrants additional study to establish whether this finding is applicable in non-wetland habitats.<br /><br />This is the first time that Salmonella spp. has been shown to proliferate under natural conditions within the rhizoplane. This will contribute to our understanding of wetland removal mechanisms for enteropathogenic bacteria. This study identifies the rhizoplane as a potentially important reservoir for human pathogenic micro-organisms and warrants additional study to establish whether this finding is applicable in non-wetland habitats.Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) is used in the traditional treatment of cancer, hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. We, therefore, investigated its composition and potential cytotoxic or antioxidant properties that might underlie its phytotherapeutic applications. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bpv-hopic.html learn more] Its methanolic fruit extract yielded compounds 1, 2 and 3, identified through NMR, UV and MS analyses as olean-12-en-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, isoquercitrin (quercetin glucoside) and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavonol-3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (quercetin diglucoside), respectively. Following 48 h exposure, oleanene glucoside was mildly toxic to the HeLa and the MRC5-SV2 cancer cells, isoquercitrin was not toxic except at 100 μg/ml in HeLa, and quercetin diglucoside elicited no toxicity. In a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide increased ROS levels, an effect not affected by oleanene glucoside but protected against by isoquercitrin and quercetin diglucoside, with IC50 values, respectively, of 2.7±0.5 μg/ml and 1.9±0.2 μg/ml (3 h post-treatment) and 2.0±0.8 μg/ml and 1.5±0.4 μg/ml (24 h post-treatment.) This is the first report of this oleanene skeleton triterpenoid in the plant. The work provides some insight into why the plant is included in remedies for cancers, cardiovascular complications and diabetes, and reveals it as a potential source of novel therapeutics.Carbonium ions are an important class of reaction intermediates, but their dynamic evolution is difficult to be monitored by in situ techniques under experimental conditions because of their extremely short lifetime. Probably the most famous case is 2-norbornyl cation (2NB+ ) its existing form (classical or non-classical) had been debated for decades, until the concrete proof of non-classical geometry was achieved by X-ray crystallographic characterization at ultra-low temperature (40 K) and super acidic environment. However, we lack the understanding about 2NB+ at ambient conditions. Herein, by taking advantage of the confinement effect and delocalized acidic environment of zeolites, we successfully stabilized 2NB+ and unequivocally confirmed its "non-classical" structure inside the ZSM-5 zeolite by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. It is the first time to in situ observe the non-classical 2NB+ without the super acidic environment at ambient temperature, which provides a new strategy to expand the carbocation chemistry.<br /><br /> To determine the value of uterine CD138+ cells, as a marker of chronic endometritis, in predicting subsequent reproductive outcome in women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss.<br /><br /> A prospective longitudinal study.<br /><br /> Tertiary specialized clinic.<br /><br /> Women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure over a 12-months follow-up period.<br /><br /> We quantified the CD138+ cells/high powered field (hpf) using immunohistochemistry and image analysis of endometrial biopsies obtained during the secretory stage post ovulation.<br /><br /> Live birth and subsequent pregnancy loss. We calculated the receiver operator curve for predicting subsequent pregnancy loss and reported using relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).<br /><br /> We enrolled 344 women of whom 88 became pregnant (88/344, 25.5%). Half of them had a subsequent live birth (47/88, 53%) and the rest lost their pregnancy (41/88, 46%). The median CD138+ score was significantly lower in the live birth group (P &lt; 0.005) and women with a CD138+ score ≥ 16/hpf had a higher risk of subsequent miscarriage (RR 10.0, 95% CI 2.78-36.02). CD138+ cells count showed a good prediction for subsequent pregnancy loss in high-risk women with an area under the curve of 0.75 (95% CI 0.59-0.82, P = 0.01). A cut-off value of 4-6 cells/hpf offered the best predictive accuracy with higher scores predicting worse reproductive outcome. Our findings are limited by the small event rate and the sample size of our cohort.<br /><br /> Quantifying CD138+ cells by immunohistochemistry in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss is helpful to diagnose chronic endometritis and predict subsequent reproductive outcome.<br /><br />Quantifying CD138+ cells by immunohistochemistry in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss is helpful to diagnose chronic endometritis and predict subsequent reproductive outcome.