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Optimum experimental parameters were determined for which good susceptibility of the graphene paper to laser processing was observed.This study was aimed to find out the solubility, thermodynamic behavior, Hansen solubility parameters and molecular interactions of an antiviral drug emtricitabine (ECT) in various "[polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) + water]" mixtures. The solubility of ECT in mole fraction was determined at "T = 298.2 to 318.2 K" and "p = 0.1 MPa" using an isothermal method. The experimental solubilities of ECT in mole fraction were validated and correlated using various computational models which includes "Van't Hoff, Apelblat, Yalkowsky-Roseman, Jouyban-Acree and Jouyban-Acree-Van't Hoff models". All the models performed well in terms of model correlation. The solubility of ECT was increased with the raise in temperature in all "PEG-400 + water" mixtures studied. The highest and lowest solubility values of ECT were found in pure PEG-400 (1.45 × 10-1) at "T = 318.2 K" and pure water (7.95 × 10-3) at "T = 298.2 K", respectively. The quantitative values of activity coefficients indicated higher interactions at molecular level in ECT and PEG-400 combination compared with ECT and water combination. "Apparent thermodynamic analysis" showed an "endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution" of ECT in all "PEG-400 + water" combinations studied. The solvation nature of ECT was found an "enthalpy-driven" in each "PEG-400 + water" mixture studied.Functional intestinal disorders constitute major, potentially lethal health problems in humans. Consequently, research focuses on elucidating the underlying pathobiological mechanisms and establishing therapeutic strategies. In this context, intestinal organoids have emerged as a potent in vitro model as they faithfully recapitulate the structure and function of the intestinal segment they represent. Interestingly, human-like intestinal diseases also affect dogs, making canine intestinal organoids a promising tool for canine and comparative research. Therefore, we generated organoids from canine duodenum, jejunum and colon, and focused on simultaneous long-term expansion and cell differentiation to maximize applicability. Following their establishment, canine intestinal organoids were grown under various culture conditions and then analyzed with respect to cell viability/apoptosis and multi-lineage differentiation by transcription profiling, proliferation assay, cell staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Standard expansion medium supported long-term expansion of organoids irrespective of their origin, but inhibited cell differentiation. Conversely, transfer of organoids to differentiation medium promoted goblet cell and enteroendocrine cell development, but simultaneously induced apoptosis. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sgc707.html see more] Unimpeded stem cell renewal and concurrent differentiation was achieved by culturing organoids in the presence of tyrosine kinase ligands. Our findings unambiguously highlight the characteristic cellular diversity of canine duodenum, jejunum and colon as fundamental prerequisite for accurate in vitro modelling.Background Recent work in social network analysis has shown the usefulness of analysing and predicting outcomes from user-generated data in the context of Public Health Surveillance (PHS). Most of the proposals have focused on dealing with static datasets gathered from social networks, which are processed and mined off-line. However, little work has been done on providing a general framework to analyse the highly dynamic data of social networks from a multidimensional perspective. In this paper, we claim that such a framework is crucial for including social data in PHS systems. Methods We propose a dynamic multidimensional approach to deal with social data streams. In this approach, dynamic dimensions are continuously updated by applying unsupervised text mining methods. More specifically, we analyse the semantics and temporal patterns in posts for identifying relevant events, topics and users. We also define quality metrics to detect relevant user profiles. In this way, the incoming data can be further filtered to cope with the goals of PHS systems. Results We have evaluated our approach over a long-term stream of Twitter. We show how the proposed quality metrics allow us to filter out the users that are out-of-domain as well as those with low quality in their messages. We also explain how specific user profiles can be identified through their descriptions. Finally, we illustrate how the proposed multidimensional model can be used to identify main events and topics, as well as to analyse their audience and impact. Conclusions The results show that the proposed dynamic multidimensional model is able to identify relevant events and topics and analyse them from different perspectives, which is especially useful for PHS systems.Physical education (PE) is identified with health, with PE teachers and school PE regarded as legitimate instruments for health promotion. The PE teacher's conceptions, attitudes, and values regarding the role of PE are inseparable from their performance. Thus, the objective of the present work is to verify concepts and attitudes of PE professionals and undergraduate students, in order to verify how they value their role in health promotion. This was a cross-sectional study that used surveys to assess attitudes and values of PE professionals and undergraduate students about their concepts of the role of PE in health promotion. A total of 942 PE professionals and undergraduate students regards themselves as players in health promotion (86.9%) despite no clear definition about the concept of health or the curriculum to attain such a goal, mainly based on academic training only. Also, they attribute the responsibility for childhood obesity and lack of motivation for the practice of physical activity to external factors, such as media (72.6%), family (84.7%), and technologies (83.1%). Despite participants regarding themselves as players in health promotion, there is a loose definition on how to promote health, and how to provide curriculum and strategies to meet the needs of public health.