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supported this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.<br /><br /> To (a) describe the demographics of opioid abusers; (b) compare the prevalence rates of selected comorbidities and the medical and drug utilization patterns of opioid abusers with patients from a control group, for the period from 1998 to 2002; and (c) calculate the mean annual per-patient total health care costs (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, drug, other) from the perspective of a private payer.<br /><br /> An administrative database of medical and pharmacy claims from 1998 to 2002 of 16 self-insured employer health plans with approximately 2 million lives was used to identify "opioid abusers"-patients with claims associated with ICD-9-CM (<br /><br /> ) codes for opioid abuse (304.0, 304.7, 305.5, and 965.0 [excluding 965.01]). A control group of nonabusers was selected using a matched sample (by age, gender, employment status, and census region) in a 31 ratio. Per-patient annual health care costs (mean total medical and drug costs) were measured in 2003 U.S. dollars. Multivariate regression techniques were alsdical Affairs, L.L.C. and was obtained by authors Susan Vallow and Jeff Schein, who are employed by Janssen Medical Affairs, L.L.C. Nathaniel Katz is a consultant to Janssen and numerous other pharmaceutical companies that manufacture branded opioid products and nonopioid analgesics; authors Alan G. White, Howard G. Birnbaum, Milena N. Mareva, and Maham Daher disclose no potential bias or conflict of interest relating to this article. White served as principal author of the study. Study concept and design were contributed primarily by White, Vallow, Schein, and Katz. Analysis and interpretation of data were contributed by all authors. Drafting of the manuscript was primarily the work of White, and its critical revision was the work of White and Vallow. Statistical expertise was contributed by White, Birnbaum, and Daher, and administrative, technical, and/or material support was provided by Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA.<br /><br /> Three pharmacist-specific Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes exist to facilitate medication therapy management (MTM) reimbursement (codes 99605, 99606, and 99607). However, no studies have used CPT codes in administrative claims databases to identify subjects who have received MTM services.<br /><br /> To assess the prevalence of MTM services provided, using CPT codes identified in an administrative dataset.<br /><br /> A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a subset of Medicare Part D individuals from the IBM MarketScan Medicare Supplemental Research Databases (2009-2015). Researchers identified beneficiaries who received MTM services using CPT codes 99605, 99606, and 99607.<br /><br /> Of the 16,483,709 individuals in the dataset, only 3,291 had CPT codes indicating that they received MTM services, representing an overall prevalence of 0.020%.<br /><br /> The use of CPT codes as an indicator of MTM service provision resulted in far lower MTM utilization rates than in published literature. Reliance on CPT codes to identify MTM employee of Pharmacy Quality Alliance at the time of this study. Black is employed by Merck. Axon reports grants from the Arizona Department of Health Services and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; Campbell reports a grant from the Community Pharmacy Foundation; Chinthammit reports fees from Eli Lilly; Black has received a grant from Merck; Warholak reports grants from the Arizona Department of Health Services and Novartis, all unrelated to this study. Taylor reports grants from Tabula Rasa Op-Co, during the conduct of the study, and from the Arizona Department of Health Services, outside the conduct of this study. This research was accepted as a poster presentation at the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Annual Meeting, May 16-20, 2020, in Orlando, FL, but was not presented due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An abstract was published in Value in Health, 2020;23(Suppl 1)S305.<br /><br /> Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imposes a substantial burden on patients and the health care system. The presence of comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. There is limited information available on the incremental economic burden of comorbid OSA among patients with COPD.<br /><br /> To estimate the incremental health care resource utilization (HCRU) and direct medical costs associated with having comorbid OSA among individuals with COPD in a nationally representative commercially insured population in the United States.<br /><br /> We identified individuals with a diagnosis of COPD between January 2008 and December 2014, with and without OSA, from the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database. The index date was defined as the first claim with a diagnosis of COPD. All baseline characteristics were measured in the 12-month pre-index period, and all outcomes were measured in the 12-month post-index period. The odds of experiencing one or mororts grants from Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer, unrelated to this work. Slejko reports grants from PhRMA, the PhRMA Foundation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, along with a teaching honorarium from Pfizer, unrelated to this work. Hong has nothing to disclose.<br /><br />No outside funding supported this study. Onukwugha reports grants from Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer, unrelated to this work. Slejko reports grants from PhRMA, the PhRMA Foundation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, along with a teaching honorarium from Pfizer, unrelated to this work. Hong has nothing to disclose.<br /><br /> Medicare Part D sponsors are required to offer medication therapy management (MTM) programs to eligible beneficiaries. Recent studies have demonstrated that there have been racial/ethnic disparities in MTM eligibility criteria. For example, compared with non-Hispanic White beneficiaries, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black beneficiaries are less likely to be eligible for MTM. However, there is limited evidence for socioeconomic and geographical characteristics of those who are eligible and receive MTM services.<br /><br /> To describe the demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries who received MTM services.<br /><br /> As part of a previous study, a national survey evaluated a convenience sample of perspectives of Medicare beneficiaries on the MTM standardized format. The survey was distributed through Medicare Part D plans to beneficiaries receiving MTM services from 2017-2018. As part of the survey, respondents could provide their ZIP codes. Geographical variables, such as the National CP codes identified themselves as White and lived in large metropolitan areas. Respondents who identified themselves as Hispanic or Black/African American were not well represented. This study provides geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries who received MTM services and highlights racial/ethnic differences. Further work is needed to confirm geographical and socioeconomic disparities among beneficiaries who received MTM services.<br /><br /> No outside funding supported this study. Pellegrin is a member of the AMCP MTM Advisory Group. The other authors have nothing to disclose.<br /><br />No outside funding supported this study. Pellegrin is a member of the AMCP MTM Advisory Group. The other authors have nothing to disclose.<br /><br /> No funding contributed to the writing of this commentary. The authors have nothing to disclose.<br /><br />No funding contributed to the writing of this commentary. The authors have nothing to disclose.<br /><br /> The benefit of continuing medications to prevent or treat illness is often overlooked, since pregnant women tend to overestimate the teratogenic risk of medications. Pharmacists can serve as a resource to prescribers and pregnant women with their knowledge of the appropriate use and management of medications during pregnancy. Little information exists on the value women place on pharmacists' medication management during pregnancy.<br /><br /> To assess pregnant women's perceptions of an ambulatory care clinical pharmacist (CP) medication review service during early pregnancy that provided education regarding the risks and benefits of medication use during pregnancy.<br /><br /> This was a qualitative study of pregnant women using semistructured telephone interviews performed between December 12, 2018, and January 18, 2019, and conducted in an integrated health care delivery system. Potential participants were identified from CP encounter records. Consented English-speaking women aged ≥ 18 years participated in an up to 30-minuhis study was funded by Kaiser Permanente. The authors have nothing to disclose. [https://www.selleckchem.com/mTOR.html mTOR inhibitor review] Preliminary results were presented at the Mountain States Conference for Residents and Preceptors, May 2019, in Salt Lake City, UT.<br /><br />This study was funded by Kaiser Permanente. The authors have nothing to disclose. Preliminary results were presented at the Mountain States Conference for Residents and Preceptors, May 2019, in Salt Lake City, UT.<br /><br /> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and psoriasis (PSO) are immune-mediated systemic, chronic inflammatory conditions. Moderate to severe disease is treated with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, or leflunomide. If a patient does not respond to these firstline treatments, then tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) or non-TNFi immunotherapy agents are administered via infusion, injection, or taken orally. Although the effectiveness of established infusion, injection, and newer oral therapies are known, the relative effectiveness among the routes of administration is not well understood.<br /><br /> To compare drug use, health care resource utilization, and costs among patients who are treatment-naive to oral immunotherapy and injectable biologic immunotherapy.<br /><br /> This retrospective observational study used claims data from a large U.S. health plan to identify new users of oral and injectable immunotherapy, diagnosed with a joint (RA or Psces. The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial interests to disclose that relate to the research described in this study. This study was presented as a podium and poster presentation at the AMCP Managed Care &amp; Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting; April 23-26, 2018; Boston, MA.<br /><br />This study was a Humana internal study, and all authors were at the time employees of Humana and used Humana resources. The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial interests to disclose that relate to the research described in this study. This study was presented as a podium and poster presentation at the AMCP Managed Care &amp; Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting; April 23-26, 2018; Boston, MA.<br /><br /> Patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occasionally increase their doses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, especially the monoclonal antibody origin drugs such as adalimumab and infliximab, after inadequate response to the initial dose. Previous studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of various sequences of treatment for RA in the United States but have not considered the effect of dose escalation.<br /><br /> To assess the cost-effectiveness of etanercept and adalimumab by incorporating the effect of dose escalation in moderate to severe RA patients.<br /><br /> We adapted the open-source Innovation and Value Initiative - Rheumatoid Arthritis model, version 1.0 to separately simulate the magnitude and time to dose escalation among RA patients taking adalimumab plus methotrexate or etanercept plus methotrexate from a societal perspective and lifetime horizon. An important assumption in the model was that dose escalation would increase treatment costs through its effect on the number of doses but would have no effect on effectiveness.