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al and reactivity processes, while youth patients were more subject to the impaired perception process. These findings help us understand the progressive pathophysiology of major depressive disorder.Social cognition plays a crucial role in the development and treatment of cocaine dependence. However, studies investigating social cognition, such as empathy and its underlying neural basis, are lacking. To explore the neural interactions among reward and memory circuits, we applied effective connectivity analysis on resting-state fMRI data collected from cocaine-dependent subjects. The relationship between effective connectivity within these two important circuits and empathy ability - evaluated with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) - was assessed by machine learning algorithm using multivariate regression analysis. In accordance with the neurocircuitry disruptions of cocaine addiction, the results showed that cocaine-dependent subjects relative to healthy controls had altered resting state effective connectivity between parts of the memory and reward systems. Furthermore, effective connectivity between the memory and reward system could predict the fantasy empathy (FE) subscale scores in cocaine dependence. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gkt137831.html learn more] Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the neural substrates of social cognition in cocaine-dependent patients. These new insights could be useful for the development of new treatment programs for this substance dependency disorder.In recent years, medical advances make lung transplantation become a standard treatment for terminal lung diseases (such as emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension) that cannot be cured by drugs or surgery (Lund et al., J Heart Lung Transplant 341244, 2015). However, the current number of donor lungs that meet the transplant criteria is no longer sufficient for transplanting, causing some patients to die while waiting for a suitable lung. Current methods for improving the situation of shortage of lung transplant donors include the use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors, smoker donors, and Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP). Among them, EVLP is a technique for extending lung preservation time and repairing lung injury in the field of lung transplantation. By continuously assessing and improving the function of marginal donor lungs, EVLP increases the number of lungs that meet the transplant criteria and, to some extent, alleviates the current situation of shortage of donor lungs. This chapter reviews the clinical application and research progress of EVLP in the field of lung transplantation.With the rapidly development of clinical treatments, precision medicine has come to people eyes with the requirement according to different people and different disease situation. So precision medicine is called personalized medicine which is a new frontier of healthcare. Bone tissue engineering developed from traditional bone graft to precise medicine era. So scientists seek approaches to harness stem cells, scaffolds, growth factors, and extracellular matrix to promise enhanced and more reliable bone formation. This review provides an overview of novel developments on precision medicine in tissue engineering of bone hoping it can open new perspectives of strategies on bone treatment.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease which is facing the difficulties in treatment. Genetics play an important role in SLE. Several studies have shown that genetic factors not only affect the development of SLE, but also affect its clinical progress. In this review article, we focus on exploring the influence of genetics on different aspects of SLE pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment and will provide some references in further precision medicine for SLE patients. The coming era of precision medicine, SLE patients will be stratified by genetic profiling. This will enable us to make more effective and precise choices of treatment plan.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) course can be divided into stable stage and acute exacerbation. Deepen the understanding to the function and role of airway inflammatory cells in stable COPD is important for developing new therapies to restore airway dysfunction and preventing stable stage COPD progress to acute exacerbation COPD. Neutrophil is a feature of lower airways and lung inflammation in majority COPD patients at stable stage and increased neutrophils usually means COPD patients are in a more serious stage. Neutrophil-predominant COPD always accompanied by increased numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. The composition proportion of different inflammatory cells are changed with disease severity. Recently, neutrophilic inflammation has been proved to be correlated with the disturbance of airway resident microbiota, which promote neutrophil influx and exacerbates inflammation. Consequently, understanding the details of increased neutrophils and dysbacteriosis in COPD is necessary for making precise management strategy against neutrophil-associated COPD.Congenital heart defect (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects and the leading course of infant mortality. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare type of cyanotic which accounting for approximately 1-3% of congenital heart disease cases. Based on where the anomalous veins drain, TAPVC can be divided into four subtypes supracardiac, cardiac, infracardiac, and mixed. In TAPVC, all pulmonary veins fail to link to the left atrium correctly but make abnormal connections to the right atrium or systemic venous system. The mortality of TAPVC patients without proper intervention is nearly 80% in the first year of life and 50% of them died within 3 months after birth. However, the pathogenesis and mechanism of TAPVC remains elusive. In this chapter, we systematically review the epidemiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology of TAPVC and give an overview of the research progress of TAPVC pathogenesis.As the most common cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is currently defined as a heart muscle disease which is characterized by left ventricular (LV) or biventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction at the exclusion of either pressure or volume overload or severe coronary artery disease sufficient to explain the dysfunction. For established DCM patients, treatment is directed at the major clinical manifestations of heart failure and arrhythmias, including pharmacological treatment, device therapies, and heart transplantation. But this traditional strategy is incompletely effective and untenable for the consistently high morbidity and mortality of DCM. Implementation of precision medicine in the field of DCM is expected to greatly improve the prognosis of patients and reduce the cost by shifting the current focus on disease treatment to prevention and individualized treatment. This chapter intends to summarize the progress of accurate medical diagnosis and treatment of dilated heart disease.