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In the Mediterranean-type environment of Australia and other parts of the world, end-of- season or terminal drought is the most significant abiotic stress affecting wheat grain yields. This study examined the response of two wheat cultivars with contrasting root system size to terminal drought and the effect of terminal drought on grain yield and yield components. The cultivars were grown in 1.0 m deep PVC columns filled with soil in a glasshouse under well-watered conditions until the onset of ear emergence (Z51) when well-watered and terminal drought treatments were imposed. Terminal drought reduced stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration rates faster in Bahatans-87 (larger root system size) than Tincurrin (smaller root system size). Terminal drought reduced grain yield in both cultivars, more so in Bahatans-87 (80%) with the large root system than Tincurrin (67%) with the small root system, which was mainly due to a reduction in grain number and grain size in Bahatans-87 and grain size in Tincurrin. In the terminal drought treatment, Bahatans-87 had 59% lower water use efficiency than Tincurrin, as Bahatans-87 used 39% more water and reduced grain yield more than Tincurrin. The lesser reduction in grain yield in Tincurrin was associated with slower water extraction by the small root system and slower decline in stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration rates, but more importantly to faster phenological development, which enabled grain filling to be completed before the severe effects of water stress.Wild soybean species (Glycine soja Siebold &amp; Zucc.) comprise a unique resource to widen the genetic base of cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for various agronomic traits. An inter-specific mapping population derived from a cross of cultivar Williams 82 and PI 483460B, a wild soybean accession, was utilized for genetic characterization of root architecture traits. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seedling shoot and root architecture traits, as well as to determine additive/epistatic interaction effects of identified QTLs. A total of 16,469 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for the Illumina beadchip genotyping platform were used to construct a high resolution genetic linkage map. Among the 11 putative QTLs identified, two significant QTLs on chromosome 7 were determined to be associated with total root length (RL) and root surface area (RSA) with favorable alleles from the wild soybean parent. These seedling root traits, RL (BARC_020495_04641 ~ BARC_023101_03769) and RSA (SNP02285 ~ SNP18129_Magellan), could be potential targets for introgression into cultivated soybean background to improve both tap and lateral roots. The RL QTL region harbors four candidate genes with higher expression in root tissues Phosphofructokinase (Glyma.07g126400), Snf7 protein (Glyma.07g127300), unknown functional gene (Glyma.07g127900), and Leucine Rich-Repeat protein (Glyma.07g127100). The novel alleles inherited from the wild soybean accession could be used as molecular markers to improve root system architecture and productivity in elite soybean lines.In a previous study, we found that H2S alleviates salinity stress in cucumber by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance and by regulating H2S metabolism and the oxidative stress response. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind H2S-regulated salt-stress tolerance in cucumber. Here, an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis based on RNA-seq and 2-DE was used to investigate the global mechanism underlying H2S-regulated salt-stress tolerance. In total, 11,761 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 61 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Analysis of the pathways associated with the DEGs showed that salt stress enriched expression of genes in primary and energy metabolism, such as photosynthesis, carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. Application of H2S significantly decreased these DEGs but enriched DEGs related to plant-pathogen interaction, sulfur-containing metabolism, cell defense, and signal transduction pathways. Notably, changes related to sulfur-containing metabolism and cell defense were also observed through proteome analysis, such as Cysteine synthase 1, Glutathione S-transferase U25-like, Protein disulfide-isomerase, and Peroxidase 2. We present the first global analysis of the mechanism underlying H2S regulation of salt-stress tolerance in cucumber through tracking changes in the expression of specific proteins and genes.Thinopyrum ponticum (2n = 10x = 70), a member of the tertiary gene pool of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), harbors many biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes. CH10A5, a novel disomic substitution line from a cross of T. aestivum cv. 7182 and Th. ponticum, was characterized by cytogenetic identification, in situ hybridization, molecular marker analysis, and morphological investigation of agronomic traits and disease resistance. Cytological observations showed that CH10A5 contained 42 chromosomes and formed 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I. Genome in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis indicated that two of its chromosomes came from the Js genome of Th. ponticum, and wheat 15K array mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that chromosome 1D was absent from CH10A5. Polymorphic analysis of molecular markers indicated that the pair of alien chromosomes belonged to homoeologous group one, designated as 1Js. Thus, CH10A5 was a wheat-Th. ponticum 1Js (1D) disomic substitution line. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/flt3-in-3.html FLT3-IN-3 solubility dmso] Field disease resistance trials demonstrated that the introduced Th. ponticum chromosome 1Js was probably responsible for resistance to both stripe rust and powdery mildew at the adult stage. Based on specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), 507 STS molecular markers were developed to distinguish chromosome 1Js genetic material from that of wheat. Of these, 49 STS markers could be used to specifically identify the genetic material of Th. ponticum. CH10A5 will increase the resistance gene diversity of wheat breeding materials, and the markers developed here will permit further tracing of heterosomal chromosome fragments in the future.