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We expected that blue tits would be less likely to use social information compared to great tits. However, we found that both blue tits and great tits consumed fewer aposematic prey after observing a negative foraging experience of a demonstrator. In fact, this effect was stronger in blue tits compared to great tits. Interestingly, blue tits also learned more efficiently from watching conspecifics, whereas great tits learned similarly regardless of the demonstrator species. Together, our results indicate that social transmission about novel aposematic prey occurs in multiple predator species and across species boundaries. This supports the idea that social interactions among predators can reduce attacks on aposematic prey and therefore influence selection for prey defences. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHR-2797(Tosedostat).html CHR2797 inhibitor] © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.BACKGROUND Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive disease owing to early and widespread lymph node metastases. Multimodal therapy and radical surgery may improve prognosis. Few studies have investigated the efficacy of radical lymph node and thoracic duct resection. METHODS Patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent transthoracic minimally invasive oesophagectomy (TMIE) for cancer at Keio University Hospital between January 2004 and December 2016 were selected. Between 2004 and 2008, TMIE was performed in the lateral decubitus position without thoracic duct resection (standard TMIE). From 2009 onwards, TMIE with extended lymph node and thoracic duct resection was introduced (extended TMIE). Demographics, co-morbidity, number of retrieved lymph nodes, pathology, postoperative complications and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared between groups. RESULTS Forty-four patients underwent standard TMIE and 191 extended TMIE. There were no significant differences in clinical and pathological tumour stage or postoperative complications. The extended-TMIE group had more lymph nodes removed at nodal stations 106recL and 112. Among patients with cT1 N0 disease, RFS was better in the extended-TMIE group (P  less then  0·001), whereas there was no difference in RFS between groups in patients with advanced disease. CONCLUSION Extended TMIE including thoracic duct resection increased the number of lymph nodes retrieved and was associated with improved survival in patients with cT1 N0 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. © 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVE Electroencephalographic seizures (ESs) are common in encephalopathic critically ill children, but ES identification with continuous electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (CEEG) is resource-intense. We aimed to develop an ES prediction model that would enable clinicians to stratify patients by ES risk and optimally target limited CEEG resources. We aimed to determine whether incorporating data from a screening EEG yielded better performance characteristics than models using clinical variables alone. METHODS We performed a prospective observational study of 719 consecutive critically ill children with acute encephalopathy undergoing CEEG in the pediatric intensive care unit of a quaternary care institution between April 2017 and February 2019. We identified clinical and EEG risk factors for ES. We evaluated model performance with area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), validated the optimal model with the highest AUC using a fivefold cross-validation, and calculated test nagement a more viable neuroprotective strategy. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2020 International League Against Epilepsy.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of mortality in diabetic patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-associated arrhythmias are unclear. We hypothesized that high glucose could adversely affect Nav 1.5, the major cardiac sodium channel isoform of the heart, at least partially via oxidative stress. We further hypothesized that cannabidiol (CBD), one of the main constituents of Cannabis sativa, through its effects on Nav 1.5, could protect against high glucose-elicited oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To test these ideas, we used CHO cells transiently co-transfected with cDNA encoding human Nav 1.5 α-subunit under control and high glucose conditions (50 or 100 mM for 24 hr). Several experimental and computational techniques were used, including voltage clamp of heterologous expression systems, cell viability assays, fluorescence assays and action potential modelling. KEY RESULTS High glucose evoked cell death associated with elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) right shifted the voltage dependence of conductance and steady-state fast inactivation, and increased persistent current leading to computational prolongation of action potential (hyperexcitability) which could result in long QT3 arrhythmia. CBD mitigated all the deleterious effects provoked by high glucose. Perfusion with lidocaine (a well-known sodium channel inhibitor with antioxidant effects) or co-incubation of Tempol (a well-known antioxidant) elicited protection, comparable to CBD, against the deleterious effects of high glucose. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that, through its favourable antioxidant and sodium channel inhibitory effects, CBD may protect against high glucose-induced arrhythmia and cytotoxicity. © 2020 The British Pharmacological Society.AIM To synthesize the existing literature and determine the efficacy of neonatal therapy, starting in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), on the motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes of infants born preterm. METHOD Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials or quasi-randomized controlled trials of direct therapy early intervention for infants with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks, initiated in the NICU and delivered by a therapist or parent with therapist support. Quality was evaluated using the Cochrane standardized risk of bias assessment tool. Recommendations were made using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were categorized into four intervention categories (1) parent-delivered motor intervention (PDMI); (2) therapist-delivered postural control intervention&nbsp;(TDPCI); (3) developmental care; and (4) oromotor intervention. Risk of bias varied from low (10 studies) to high ned by a neonatal therapist are effective in improving the short-term behavior of infants born preterm. Oral motor interventions were found to have no effect on improving developmental outcomes. © 2020 Mac Keith Press.Spatial management of fish populations can potentially be optimized by determining the area of influence of a particular species. We performed an acoustic tagging study implemented on Denis Island in the Seychelles to assess the area of influence of the heavily targeted shoemaker spinefoot, Siganus sutor. We investigated whether this species acts as a mobile link between coral patches and seagrass meadows, and whether their movements differed between day and night. The study incorporated an array of 22 acoustic stations deployed within dense coral patches, seagrass meadows and mixed habitats of both seagrass and coral. Fifteen S. sutor carrying internal acoustic tags were monitored from November 2016 until May 2017. Detection patterns revealed them to be diurnal herbivores, with only rare nocturnal movements. Home-range estimates showed that individuals differed in their spatial range extents and habitats used, covering ~15% of the total shallow subtidal coastline of the island. However, they displayed very small daily movements ( less then 200 m), concentrated mainly around sites within mixed coral and seagrass habitats. An optimal number of detections was recorded when the coral to seagrass area ratio was approximately 1.61. This ratio was confirmed through statistical prediction modelling. Identification of such links of commercially important species between networked habitats may help authorities consider incorporating seagrass meadows of the Seychelles into management discussions, which are currently lacking. © 2020 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.BACKGROUND Death after surgery is infrequent but can be devastating for the surgeon. Surgeons may experience intense emotional reactions after a patient's death, reflecting on their part in the death and the patient's loss of life. Excessive rumination or feelings of regret may have lasting negative consequences, but these reactions may also facilitate learning for future decision-making. This qualitative study analysed surgeons' reflections on what might have been done differently before a patient's death and explored non-technical (cognitive and interpersonal) aspects of care as potential targets for improvement. METHODS In Australia's Queensland Audit of Surgical Mortality, surgeons reflect on factors surrounding the death of patients in their care and respond to the open-ended question in retrospect, would you have done anything differently? Framework analysis was applied to surgeons' responses to identify themes relating to non-technical aspects of care. link2 RESULTS Responses from 1214 surgeons were analysed. Two main themes were identified. Dilemmas and difficult decisions confirmed the uncertainty, complexity and situational pressures that often precede a surgical death; regret and empathy for patients featured in some responses. In the second main theme, communication matters, surgeons cited better communication, with patients, families, colleagues and at handover, as a source of reflective change to improve decision-making and reduce regret. CONCLUSION Surgical decision-making involves uncertainty, and regret may occur after a patient's death. Enhancing the quality of communication with patients and peers in comprehensive assessment of the surgical patient may mitigate postdecision regret among surgeons. © 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an intracellular serine amidase that terminates the signaling activity of various lipid messengers involved in pain regulation, including agonists at cannabinoid receptors (e.g., anandamide) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) [e.g., palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)]. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological or genetic FAAH removal might prevent and/or reverse tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We induced tolerance in male and female mice by administering twice-daily morphine for 7 days while monitoring nociceptive thresholds (tail immersion test). The globally active FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 and 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.) and the peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor URB937 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered daily 30 min prior to morphine, alone or in combination with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), the CB2 antagonist AM630 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or the PPAR-t. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE To evaluate residents' knowledge about the evolution of abortion rates in countries where abortion has been legalized, and to assess whether such knowledge correlates with residents' sociodemographic characteristics and experience in abortion care. METHODS A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted in 21 Brazilian hospitals with 404 medical residents in obstetrics and gynecology. Data collection occurred during February 2015 through January 2016. link3 Data were collected through a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. The χ2 test, Fisher exact test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Of residents, 60% believed that the abortion rate would increase after legalization; 82% had been involved in the care of women with incomplete abortion and 71% in the care of women admitted for legal abortion. Associations were found between knowledge of the evolution of the abortion rate after legalization and region of birth, region of medical school, and importance attached to religion.