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Practicing Multiple-choice questions is a popular learning method among medical students. While MCQs are commonly used in exams, creating them might provide another opportunity for students to boost their learning. Yet, the effectiveness of student-generated multiple-choice questions in medical education has been questioned. This study aims to verify the effects of student-generated MCQs on medical learning either in terms of students' perceptions or their performance and behavior, as well as define the circumstances that would make this activity more useful to the students. Articles were identified by searching four databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and ERIC, as well as scanning references. The titles and abstracts were selected based on a pre-established eligibility criterion, and the methodological quality of articles included was assessed using the MERSQI scoring system. Eight hundred and eighty-four papers were identified. Eleven papers were retained after abstract and title screening, and 6 articles were recovered from cross-referencing, making it 17 articles in the end. The mean MERSQI score was 10.42. Most studies showed a positive impact of developing MCQs on medical students' learning in terms of both perception and performance. Few articles in the literature examined the influence of student-generated MCQs on medical students learning. Amid some concerns about time and needed effort, writing multiple-choice questions as a learning method appears to be a useful process for improving medical students' learning.Edwardsiella species in aquatic environments exist either as individual planktonic cells or in communal biofilms. These organisms encounter multiple stresses, include changes in salinity, pH, temperature, and nutrients. Pathogenic species such as E. piscicida, can multiply within the fish hosts. Additionally, Edwardsiella species (E. tarda), can carry antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on chromosomes and/or plasmids, that can be transmitted to the microbiome via horizontal gene transfer. E. tarda serves as a core in the aquatic resistome. Edwardsiela uses molecular switches (RpoS and EsrB) to control gene expression for survival in different environments. We speculate that free-living Edwardsiella can transition to host-living and vice versa, using similar molecular switches. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/imidazole-ketone-erastin.html Imidazole ketone erastin manufacturer] Understanding such transitions can help us understand how other similar aquatic bacteria switch from free-living to become pathogens. This knowledge can be used to devise ways to slow down the spread of ARGs and prevent disease outbreaks in aquaculture and clinical settings.<br /><br /> To identify common factors associated with the loss of an eye using the NIH All of Us database.<br /><br /> In this case-controlled study, we extracted electronic health record and socio-demographic data for 231 cases of eye loss from All of Us enrollment sites. Controls (N = 924) matched the demographic characteristics of the 2020 United States Census. Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression identified variables significantly associated with increased odds of eye loss.<br /><br /> Medical and social determinants associated with increased odds of losing an eye.<br /><br /> Among cases, the average age (standard deviation) was 60.1 (14.4) years. The majority (125, 54.1%) were male. 87 (37.7%) identified as African American, and 49 (21.2%) identified as Hispanic or Latino. Loss of eye was more likely in those with ocular tumor (odds ratio [OR] 421.73, 25 95% confidence interval [CI] 129.81-1959.80, p &lt; .001), trauma (OR 13.38, 95% CI 6.64-27.43, p &lt; .001), infection (OR 11.46, 95% CI 4.11-32.26, p = .001) or glaucoma (OR 8.33, 95% CI 4.43- 15.81, p &lt; .001). African American (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.39-4.09, p = .002) and Hispanic or Latino (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.01-3.15, p = .04) participants were disproportionately affected.<br /><br /> Racial and ethnic disparities exist among those with loss of an eye from underlying conditions. Addressing health inequities may mitigate the risk of this morbid outcome.<br /><br />Racial and ethnic disparities exist among those with loss of an eye from underlying conditions. Addressing health inequities may mitigate the risk of this morbid outcome.Background Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P; 300 mg/120 mg) is a new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) that exhibits anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) pan-genotype (GT) activity for 8, 12, or 16 weeks. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have received reports that using G/P causes moderate to severe liver impairment. In some cases, isolated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice have been reported without concomitant evidence of increased transaminase levels or other hepatic decompensation events. Objective This study aimed to analyze the incidence of drug-induced liver injury of G/P for chronic hepatitis C virus.Materials and methods We searched databases from the inception of each database until March 2021. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2.0) and the OpenMeta [Analyst] software were performed for quality assessment and quantitative studies, respectively. The primary outcome was grade 3 level of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Results The nine studies included in the meta-analysis involved a total of 7,650 participants, and the overall sustained virologic response rate was above 95%. The most frequent drug-related laboratory abnormalities in DILI involved total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin, but these abnormalities were minimal. The cirrhosis-without cirrhosis incidence risk ratio (IRR) was 2.724 (95% confidence interval 1.182-6.276) in the grade 3 hyperbilirubinemia subgroup analysis. No significant differences were found within the other subgroups, in HCV GTs, and in treatment duration.Conclusions DILI was found to occur frequently with G/P treatment. Hyperbilirubinemia occurred most frequently, especially, in patients with cirrhosis. However, G/P is still the primary therapy of choice for CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients due to a superior safety rate.<br /><br /> Epidemiological studies indicate association between elevated air pollution and adverse health effects. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including translocation of inhaled ultrafine carbon (UFC) particles into the bloodstream. Previous studies in healthy subjects have shown no significant pulmonary translocation of UFC-particles. This study aimed to assess if UFC-particles translocate from damaged alveolar compartment in subjects suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).<br /><br /> Eleven COPD and nine IPF subjects were exposed to a 100 nm UFC-particle-aerosol labeled with Indium-111. Activity in the body was followed up for 10 days using gamma camera planar-imaging as well as in blood and urine samples.<br /><br /> The pulmonary central to periphery activity ratio was significantly higher for COPD as compared to IPF subjects at exposure, 1.8 and 1.4, respectively and remained constant throughout the test period. Ten days after exposure, the estimated median pulmonary translocation of UFC particles was 22.8 and 25.8% for COPD and IPF, respectively. Bound activity was present in blood throughout the test period, peaking at 24-h postinhalation with a median concentration of 5.6 and 8.9 Bq/ml for the COPD and IPF, respectively. Median bound activity excreted in urine (% of inhaled) after 10 days was 1.4% in COPD and 0.7% in IPF. Activity accumulation in liver and spleen could not be demonstrated.<br /><br /> Our results suggest that UFC particles leak through the damaged alveolar barrier to the bloodstream in COPD and IPF patients probably distributing in a wide spectrum of whole-body tissues.<br /><br />Our results suggest that UFC particles leak through the damaged alveolar barrier to the bloodstream in COPD and IPF patients probably distributing in a wide spectrum of whole-body tissues.Vasomotor tone-associated factors play important roles in normal pregnancy, but their roles in the pregnancy outcome of women who undergo in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) remain unclear. A total of 82 infertile women who underwent successful IVF-ET were enrolled, including 18 pregnancy losses, 11 complications, and 53 normal deliveries. The serum NO and iNOS levels were significantly higher in the pregnancy loss group and significantly lower in the complication group than in the normal delivery group (p  less then  0.05). Significantly increased ET-1 and decreased PGI2 were found in both the pregnancy loss and complication groups compared with those in the normal delivery group (p  less then  0.05). NO, iNOS, and ET-1 are risk factors and PGI2 is a protective factor for pregnancy loss. ET-1 + PGI2 (AUC, 0.897; sensitivity, 90.6%; specificity, 83.3%) showed a relatively good predictive value for pregnancy loss following IVF-ET.Micromegakaryocytes (microMKs) are considered a myelodysplastic feature of myeloid neoplasms in adults, with an adverse prognosis connotation. However, this notion in MDS has not been well proved. In our cohort of 287 MDS, patients with microMKs showed lower overall survival (OS) (HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.47-3.06; p = 0.000036) and higher risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) evolution (HR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.9-11.01; p = 0.00021). Results were validated with an independent cohort. In multivariate analysis, the presence of microMKs maintained its independent association with OS (HR, 1.54, 95% CI, 1.13-2.1, p = 0.0059) and AML transformation (HR, 2.28, 95% CI, 1.2-4.4, p = 0.014). Moreover, by adding 1 point to the IPSS-R score in patients with microMKs, we improved the IPSS-R accuracy. Interestingly, adding that 1-point, 29% of intermediate IPSS-R risk group patients were upgraded to the high-risk group. In summary, we confirmed that the presence of microMKs implies worse outcomes in MDS and suggested a modification improving IPSS-R.<br /><br /> The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature on the clinical outcomes following different surgical techniques in patients with refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).<br /><br /> IIH is a condition characterised by increased cranial pressure (ICP) in the absence of an intracranial lesion that does not adequately respond to different medical and surgical therapies. Cranial decompression or expansion surgeries are a last resort therapy for patients with refractory IIH.<br /><br /> A systematic literature search of the databases of PubMed, Embase and Medline from inception to 2019 was performed. Searches were limited to the English language and to clinical studies. Studies were included if clinical outcomes following different cranial decompression or expansion techniques were reported. We also add one case of our own experience with performing a bilateral frontoparietal expansion craniotomy and subtemporal craniectomy.<br /><br /> Five manuscripts, describing 38 procedures, met the inclusion criteriae intracranial volume, and thus may normalise ICP, leading to clinical improvement.Social prescribing schemes refer people toward personalized health/wellbeing interventions in local communities. Since schemes hold different representations of social prescribing, responses to the pandemic crisis will vary. Intersectionality states that social divisions build on one another, sustaining unequal health outcomes. We conducted and inductively analysed interviews with twenty-three professional and volunteer stakeholders across three social prescribing schemes in urban and rural Scotland at the start and end of year one of the pandemic. Concerns included identifying and digitally supporting disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals and reduced capacity statutory and third-sector services, obliging link workers to assume new practical and psychological responsibilities. Social prescribing services in Scotland, we argue, represent a collage of practices superimposed on a struggling healthcare system. Those in need of such services are unlikely to break through disadvantage whilst situated within a social texture wherein inequalities of education, health and environmental arrangements broadly intersect with one another.