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These findings could be helpful in management of spirotetramat resistance in O. hyalinipennis as incompletely dominant and polygenic resistance tend to develop slowly and is manageable.Nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded polymer-based composites (D201-nZVI) are effective materials for the removal of inorganic contaminants from water. However, the removal efficiency of organic contaminants and the role of the distribution of nZVI in the performance of the composites still remains unclear. Herein, four resin-supported nZVI composites with different nZVI distributions (D1, D2, D3, and D4) were prepared and used for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. The four composites, D1-D4, demonstrated a high efficiency of SMX removal (99.02%, 94.61%, 89.00%, and 86.28%, respectively, at pH 5.0). In addition, the performance of D201-nZVI only dropped by approximately 10% after five cycles, indicating its strong potential for practical application. On the basis of kinetic and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectral analyses, this study showed that the formation of hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) and superoxide radicals (⋅O2-) is the main mechanism of SMX degradation. Finally, based on six major degradation intermediates of SMX, five possible degradation pathways were proposed, including the coupling of N-centered radicals, demethylation, the isomerization of isoxazole rings, the oxidation of amino groups, and the S-N bond cleavage in the D201-nZVI system. These results are not only important for better understanding the role of Fe distribution in the removal of SMX but are also crucial for the potential application of D201-nZVI composites with a different Fe distribution in many other scenarios.In this study, we investigated the bioaccumulation and toxicokinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) alone and in the presence of graphene nanosheets (GNs) in the blackfish (Capoeta fusca). Blackfish were exposed via water to two ZnO NPs concentrations alone or as a combination with GNs and uptake of Zn into the gills, intestine, liver, and kidney was assessed at 7, 14 and 28 d. Zn elimination from these tissues was then assessed after a further 7, 14 and 28 d in clean water for both ZnO NPs concentrations and combined ZnO NPs/GN exposures. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/acbi1.html ACBI1] In the body tissues analyzed of exposed fish, the highest amounts of Zn occurred in the intestine and the lowest amount in the liver. Zn levels in blackfish after 28 d of exposure were higher in all treatment groups compared to those on 7 d (p less then 0.05). For both ZnO NPs exposure concentrations, the highest amount of Zn was eliminated from the intestine, followed by the gills. Furthermore, elimination kinetics for both ZnO NPs concentrations alone and in combination with GNs showed that the shortest half-life for Zn is occurring in the intestine. Moreover, uptake rates of Zn in fish exposed to ZnO NPs + GNs followed the same pattern observed for the ZnO NP, with intestine and gills having the highest levels followed by kidney and liver. Thus, we show accumulation and elimination of Zn from ZnO NPs in blackfish depends on the tissue, exposure concentration and duration, and is dependent on the presence of GNs.Beijing parks always have a large flow of local residents and tourists, and the soil Pb could threaten human health by incidental ingestion. Soil samples from eleven parks in Beijing were collected to assess the human health risk associated with Pb. Lead bioaccessibility in these parks ranged from 3.2 ± 0.4% to 12.1 ± 0.5% in the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) gastric phase and increased when approaching the city center. The chemical forms and soil properties (Fe, organic matter, and grain size) were important factors affecting the soil Pb bioaccessibility. The geo-accumulation index of Beihai Park (BH, near the city center) reached 1.3 ± 0.1 indicating moderate contamination. Lead health risk to children in BH should be of concern though its hazard quotient was below one. Results obtained from the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT)-induced fluxes in the soils (DIFS) model showed that Pb-release in some parks farther from the city center was a "partially sustained case" (Rdiff less then R less then 0.95) indicating that soil particles could partially replenish effective Pb to the soil solution. A relatively higher desorption rate constant (k1) and shorter characteristic response time (Tc) were also found in these parks, indicating non-negligible release risk. Soil Pb based on the PBET method and DIFS model could provide a reliable reference to park managers for the health risk management of Pb pollution.More attention was focused on fungi contamination in drinking water. Most researches about the inactivation of fungal spores has been conducted on disinfection efficiency and the leakage of intracellular substances. However, the specific structural damage of fungal spores treated by different disinfectants is poorly studied. In this study, the viability assessment methods of esterase activities and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were optimized, and the effects of chlorine-based disinfectants on fungal spores were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) and plating. The optimal staining conditions for esterase activity detection were as follows fungal spores (106 cells/mL) were stained with 10 μM carboxyfluorescein diacetate and 50 mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid at 33 °C for 10 min (in dark). The optimal staining conditions for intracellular ROS detection were as follows dihydroethidium (the final concentration of 2 μg/mL) was added into fungal suspensions (106 cells/mL), and then samples were incubated at 35 °C for 20 min (in dark). The cell culturability, membrane integrity, esterase activities, and intracellular ROS were examined to reveal the structural damage of fungal spores and underlying inactivation mechanisms. Disinfectants would cause the loss of the cell viability via five main steps altered the morphology of fungal spores; increased the intracellular ROS levels; decreased the culturability, esterase activities and membrane integrity, thus leading to the irreversible death. It is appropriate to assess the effects of disinfectants on fungal spores and investigate their inactivation mechanisms using FCM.