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Although the nonsurgical treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) involves weight loss, diuretics, and steroids, surgical intervention is required if there is a worsening of symptoms or visual deterioration.<br /><br /> To determine the efficacy and complications of transcranial optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) using an ultrasonic aspirator as an adjunct in the treatment of refractory IIH.<br /><br /> This prospective study included all patients with medically refractory IIH with visual deterioration from November 2017 to June 2019. Pterional craniotomy was followed by extradural clinoidectomy and optic foramen bony decompression using an ultrasonic aspirator. All the cases were followed up for changes in visual acuity and field and surgical outcomes.<br /><br /> A total of 21 consecutive patients who underwent ONSF in the study period were included for analysis. Improvement in visual acuity was noted in 19/21 (90.47%) patients. Improvement in visual fields was noted in 17/21 (80.95%). Headache improved in 66.67% of patients. Improvement in the fundus picture was noted in 90.47%. Symptoms &lt; 6 months showed better results compared to &gt; 6 months symptom, although statistically nonsignificant (P = 0.2556). A 270-degree optic canal decompression was achieved in all the cases.<br /><br /> Transcranial optic nerve sheath decompression with a bone ultrasonic aspirator is a safe and direct decompression of the optic nerve in malignant/refractory cases of IIH.<br /><br />Transcranial optic nerve sheath decompression with a bone ultrasonic aspirator is a safe and direct decompression of the optic nerve in malignant/refractory cases of IIH.<br /><br /> Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a safe alternative to ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for certain cases of obstructive hydrocephalus. It has the advantage of not leaving a permanent foreign body in-situ, besides preventing over-drainage and reducing chances of infection. A thorough knowledge of endoscopic anatomy of ventricles is a must for performing various endoscopic procedures.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to demonstrate the endoscopic anatomy of ventricles for educational purpose.<br /><br /> ETV is done using a zero-degree LOTTA endoscope. Right Kocher's point is usually chosen as entry site into ventricle. The scope is negotiated into third ventricle through foramen of Monro. The premammillary membrane is perforated and dilated, thereby communicating the third ventricle to the chiasmatic, interpeduncular and prepontine cisterns. The video was recorded on Karl Storz recording system. It was edited using Imovie software. Photographs labeling was done using Windows PowerPoint 2018.<br /><br /> Endoscopic anatomy knowledge allows a neurosurgeon to perform ETV safely.<br /><br />Endoscopic anatomy knowledge allows a neurosurgeon to perform ETV safely.<br /><br /> Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been increasingly used in the treatment of refractory epilepsy with remarkable safety. Experimental data demonstrated that electric current could modulate distinct brain circuits and decrease neuronal hypersynchronization seen in epileptic activity. The ability to carefully choose the most suitable anatomical target and precisely implant the lead is of extreme importance for satisfactory outcomes.<br /><br /> This video aimed to explore the targeting of the three most relevant nuclei in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.<br /><br /> Through a step-by-step approach, this video describes the surgical planning for DBS implantation in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT), the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus (CM), and the hippocampus (HIP).<br /><br /> Each of the discussed targets has its own pearls and pitfalls that should be considered for an adequate lead placement. Accurate planning of the surgical procedure is essential for achieving optimal results.<br /><br />Each of the discussed targets has its own pearls and pitfalls that should be considered for an adequate lead placement. Accurate planning of the surgical procedure is essential for achieving optimal results.The overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, encoded on chromosome 21, has been associated in Down syndrome (DS) with the development of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). The increase in APP levels leads to an overproduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that accumulates in the brain. In response to this deposition, microglial cells are active and generate cascade events that include release cytokines and chemokine. The prolonged activation microglial cells induce neuronal loss, production of reactive oxygen species, neuron death, neuroinflammation, and consequently the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intrinsically deficient immune systems in people with DS result in abnormalities in cytokine levels, which possibly contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Knowledge about the biomarkers involved in the process of neurodegeneration and neuroinflamation is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in the incidence and the precocity of AD in individuals with DS.<br /><br /> COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world globally causing widespread repercussions on individuals' physical, mental and emotional well-being. In such times, sleep is likely to be affected.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to present the available literature on sleep and also the foresight as to the future national strategy to mitigate the effects of this pandemic.<br /><br /> An extensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, Epistemonikos database (https//www.epistemonikos.org), PsycINFO for available literature on the prevalence of sleep problem on COVID-19 was done. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cadd522.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cadd522.html] Cross-citation search was also conducted to increase relevance of the review. The key words used were- (((((((((((insomnia)) OR (sleep)) OR (sleepiness)) OR ("sleep quality")) OR (OSA)) OR ("obstructive sleep apnoea")) OR ("obstructive sleep apnea")) OR (("sleep problem")) AND "covid-19" OR covid19* OR "COVID-19" OR "2019-nCoV" OR cv19* OR "cv-19" OR "cv 19" OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR "sars-cov-2" OR "sars-cov2" OR "2019-ncov" OR "SARS-Coronavirus-2" OR ir families, population in isolation, and quarantine and as such in public. Limited literature exists with subjective data and no objective criteria were found to study sleep in COVID-19 pandemic. OSA was found to be a frequent baseline characteristic of COVID-19 patients. A need to follow guidelines is of paramount importance and strategies to better sleep in the population needs to be addressed.