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Based on the fitted function, five groundwater depth thresholds were obtained. The optimal groundwater depth in the hydrometric station was 2.91 ± 0.09 m for the maximal RVA (17.08 ± 3.25 km2). A polynomial function between the yearly EWCV and groundwater depth was developed and the EWCV thresholds corresponding to the groundwater depth thresholds were estimated. The optimal EWCV into Qingtu Lake was 2224.4 × 104 m3 for the maximal RVA. The correspondingly optimal EWCV from Hongyashan Reservoir was 3271.4 × 104 m3. The spatial distribution patterns of remotely sensed water surface and NDVI suggested that expanding the water-receiving area of conveyed water was useful to improve the vegetation growth. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html click here] This study provides a reference for assessing the impact of EWC on vegetation restoration and determining the correspondingly optimal EWCV in arid inland river basins.Although individual toxicity of microplastics (MPs) to organism has been widely studied, limited knowledge is available on the interactions between heavy metals and MPs, as well as potential biological impacts from their combinations. The interaction between MPs and heavy metals may alter their environmental behaviors, bioavailability and potential toxicity, leading to ecological risks. In this paper, an overview of different sources of heavy metals on MPs is provided. Then the recent achievements in adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and interaction mechanism between MPs and heavy metals are discussed. Besides, the factors that influence the adsorption of heavy metals on MPs such as polymer properties, chemical properties of heavy metals, and other environmental factors are also considered. Furthermore, potential combined toxic effects from MPs and heavy metals on organisms and human health are further summarized.Climate change models predict an increase in rainfall variability, leading to floods and drought events, hence intensifying the need for reservoirs. However, up to 50% of reservoirs' capacity is lost by evaporation, affecting their function of ensuring water availability and stability. Over decades biological, chemical and physical barriers "covers" were developed for inhibiting evaporation. Such barrier's efficiency and applicability are still a matter of discussion, given their economic efficiency, environmental consequences, and operational difficulties are accounted for. In this review, we discussed the efficiency, applicability, and environmental suitability of these covers. Compared to the physical covers, the chemical and biological solutions tend to be less efficient. However, the use of physical covers is multidisciplinary, involving climate, material, and hydrological sciences, and are more efficient. Among the physical covers, the use of suspended covers and free-floating elements decreases evapora and wave effects under the field conditions. However, these covers can be viable only when water availability is the limiting factor in crop production. We found that studies at reservoir scale are highly limited, therefore, investigations at reservoirs' scale emphasizing ecological aspects, cover stability and cost efficiency, are urgently needed.Knowledge of the response of grassland phenology towards climatic factors is essential to improve our understanding of ecological processes under global warming. To date, however, it remains unclear how climate change and associated changes in vegetation dynamics might affect autumn phenology of grasslands at the global scale. In this study, the trends in start of growing season (SOS) and end of growing season (EOS) dates were explored using remote sensing data (1981-2014). The responses of EOS to preseason temperature, rainfall, SOS, and net primary productivity (NPP) were then investigated for the mid-latitude (30°N ~ 55°N) grasslands of the Northern Hemisphere. The remotely-sensed SOS/EOS and PhenoCam-based SOS/EOS were first compared and a good correlation was observed. Trend analysis revealed that the time span of SOS/EOS (from the earliest SOS/EOS to the last SOS/EOS) and the growing season length (from SOS to EOS) have extended for the entire study region. Furthermore, a forward shift in all SOS pixels was observed in Central-West Asian grasslands, whereas no such significant trend was observed for North American grasslands and East Asian grasslands. The duration of EOS completion had shortened within North American grasslands but lengthened in Asian grasslands. Next, correlation analysis uncovered a stronger relationship between EOS and previous rainfall than between EOS and temperature, indicating the key role of water availability in controlling autumn phenology. The sensitivity of EOS to both temperature and rainfall was higher in drier and warmer locations. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between EOS and SOS was observed in part of the study region, but no significant relationship between NPP and EOS was observed. Overall, this study highlights the spatially intensified heterogeneity of spring and autumn phenology in northern grasslands and that climatic changes in precipitation might act as key drivers for modifying autumn phenology of grassland vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their methoxylated analogues (MeO-BDEs) are widely distributed in the environment. The main concern about the presence of PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in fish is due to their potential endocrine disruption effects in the specimens, and their potential risk to the health of human consumers. Considering these concerns, the goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in muscle tissues of blue shark (BSH), Prionace glauca, and yellowfin tuna (YFT), Thunnus albacares, caught in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean (EAO), North-eastern Brazilian waters, and to evaluate the potential risk of human exposure by consumption. Muscle tissues of YFT and BSH were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus and an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE), respectively. PBDEs and MeO-BDEs were analysed by GC-NCI-MS. Concentrations of PBDEs ranged from not detected (nd) to 10 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) in YFT muscle samples, while PBDE levels in BSH muscle samples ranged from less then LOQ to 34 ng g-1 lw.