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te splint were repaired.Clusterin (CLU) was the first reported secreted mammalian chaperone and impacts on serious diseases associated with inappropriate extracellular protein aggregation. Many studies have described intracellular CLU in locations outside the secretory system and recent work has shown that CLU can be released into the cytosol during cell stress. In this article, we critically evaluate evidence relevant to the proposed origins of cellular CLU found outside the secretory system, and advance the hypothesis that the cytosolic release of CLU induced by stress serves to facilitate the trafficking of misfolded proteins to the proteasome and autophagy for degradation. We also propose future research directions that could help establish CLU as a unique chaperone performing critical and synergic roles in both intracellular and extracellular proteostasis.Chromatin interactions functionally affect genome architecture and gene regulation, but to date, only fresh samples must be used in Hi-C (High-through chromosome conformation capture) to keep natural chromatin conformation intact. This requirement has impeded the advancement of 3D genome research by limiting sample collection and storage options for researchers and severely limiting the number of samples that can be processed in a short time. Here, we developed a freeze substitution Hi-C (FS-Hi-C) technique that overcomes the need for fresh samples. FS-Hi-C can be used with samples stored in liquid nitrogen (LN2) the water in a vitreous form in the sample cells is replaced with ethanol via automated freeze substitution. After confirming that the FS step preserves the natural chromosome conformation during sample thawing, we tested the performance of FS-Hi-C with Drosophila melanogaster and Gossypium hirsutum. Beyond allowing the use of frozen samples and confirming that FS-Hi-C delivers robust data for generating contact heat maps and delineating A/B compartments and topologically associating domains, we found that FS-Hi-C outperforms the in situ Hi-C in terms of library quality, reproducibility, and valid interactions. Thus, FS-Hi-C will probably extend the application of 3D genome structure analysis to the vast number of experimental contexts in biological and medical research for which Hi-C methods have been unfeasible to date.<br /><br /> This study aim was to review cases of acinic cell carcinoma (the main differential diagnosis of secretory carcinoma) that were diagnosed and treated at the National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA) between 1996 and 2016. The primary objective was to identify underdiagnosed cases of secretory carcinoma via a clinical, immunopathological and molecular reassessment.<br /><br /> This is a cross sectional study, with retrospective data collection from medical records and histological specimen review, with staining for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and PAS with diastase, immunohistochemistry for S-100, mammaglobin, and DOG-1, and droplet digital RT-PCR for ETV6-NTRK3. The Research Ethics Committee approved this study, and the patients allowed their participation through informed consent.<br /><br /> Eighty-three cases of acinic cell carcinoma were diagnosed and treated in the specified period at INCA, of which, seven had their diagnosis changed to secretory carcinoma.<br /><br /> The present study adds seven cases of secretory carcinoma to the literature, contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiological, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of this recently described tumor. Also, the use of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including immunohistochemical and molecular methods, along with classical morphological studies, allowed the reclassification of acinic cell carcinoma to secretory carcinoma.<br /><br />The present study adds seven cases of secretory carcinoma to the literature, contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiological, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of this recently described tumor. Also, the use of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including immunohistochemical and molecular methods, along with classical morphological studies, allowed the reclassification of acinic cell carcinoma to secretory carcinoma.<br /><br /> The ACSM recommends drinking to avoid loss of body mass &gt;2% during exercise to avert compromised performance. Our study aimed to assess the level of dehydration in elite runners following a city marathon in a tropical environment.<br /><br /> Prospective cohort design.<br /><br /> Twelve elite runners (6 males, 6 females; age 24-41 y) had body mass measured to the nearest 0.01kg in their race attire immediately before and after the 2017 Standard Chartered Singapore Marathon 2017. Body mass change was corrected for respiratory water loss, gas exchange, and sweat retained in clothing, and expressed as % of pre-race mass (i.e. % dehydration).<br /><br /> Data are expressed as means±SD (range). Dry bulb temperature and humidity were 27.9±0.1°C (27.4-28.3°C) and 79±2% (73-82%). Finish time was 155±10min (143-172min). Male runners finishing positions ranged from 2-12 out of 7627 finishers, whilst female runners placed 1-8 out of 1754 finishers. Body mass change (loss) and % dehydration for all runners were 2.5±0.5kg (1.8-3.5kg) and 4.6±0.9% (3.6-6.8%). [https://www.selleckchem.com/ click here] Male runners experienced body mass loss of 2.8±0.5kg and 4.9±1.2% while females experienced body mass loss of 2.1±0.2kg and 4.3±0.6%.<br /><br /> Despite experiencing dehydration (4.6% body mass loss) two-fold higher than current fluid replacement guidelines recommend (≤2%), elite male and female runners performed successfully and without medical complication in a hot weather marathon.<br /><br />Despite experiencing dehydration (4.6% body mass loss) two-fold higher than current fluid replacement guidelines recommend (≤2%), elite male and female runners performed successfully and without medical complication in a hot weather marathon.Sleep paralysis is a curious condition where the paralyzed person may hallucinate terrifying ghosts. These hypnogogic and hypnopompic visions are common worldwide. They often entail seeing and sensing shadow beings; although hallucinating full-fledged figures (e.g., cat-like creatures and witches) are not uncommon. In this paper, I propose a neuroscientific account (building on previous work) for why people see ghosts during sleep paralysis and why these tend to manifest as faceless shadows. This novel venture considers the distinct computational styles of the right and left hemisphere and their functional specializations vis-à-vis florid intruder hallucinations and out-of-body experiences (OBEs) during these dream-like states. Additionally, I provide a brain-based explanation for dissociative phenomena common during sleep paralysis. Specifically, I posit that these ghost hallucinations and OBEs are chiefly mediated by activity in key regions in the right hemisphere; and outline how the functional organization of the visual system (evoking concepts like surface interpolation) and its economizing nature (i.