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Bone-implant forces with Ti and Co-Cr rods were higher than the SNT rods by 84% and 130% at 18&nbsp;°C and 35% and 65% at 37&nbsp;°C, respectively (p  less then  0.001). Further corrections of the MT from the simulated stress relaxation in the spine were 4°-8° with the SNT rods versus 2°-5° with the Ti and Co-Cr rods (p  less then  0.001). CONCLUSION This study concurs with clinical observation that the SNT rods are easier to insert and can result in similar correction to the conventional rods. The SNT rods allow significantly lower bone-implant forces and have the ability to take advantage of post-instrumentation correction as the tissues relax.STUDY DESIGN Experimental biomechanical study of pressures exerted on the epiphyseal growth plates (GP) in tethered porcine cadaveric spines. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html selleck products] OBJECTIVES To experimentally measure the pressure exerted on the vertebral end plates of a tethered porcine spine model. Flexible spine tethering is a novel fusionless surgical technique that aims to correct scoliotic deformities based on growth modulation due to the pressure exerted on vertebral body epiphyseal GP. The applied pressure resulting from spine tethering remains not well documented. METHODS The ligamentous thoracic segment (T1-T14) of four 3-months old Duroc Landrace pigs (female; 22&nbsp;kg, range 18-27&nbsp;kg) was positioned in lateral decubitus in a custom-made stand. Vertebra T14 was clamped but the remaining spine was free to slide horizontally. For every specimen, six configurations were tested three or five instrumented motion segments (T5-T10 or T7-T10) with applied compression of 22, 44 or 66&nbsp;N. The pressure generated on the GPs in the tethered side was measured with a thin force sensor slid either at the proximal, apex or distal levels. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA. RESULTS The pressure was significantly different between three and five instrumented motion segments (averages of 0.76&nbsp;MPa ± 0.03 and 0.60&nbsp;MPa ± 0.03, respectively; p  less then  0.05), but the pressure exerted on each GP along the instrumented spine was not significantly different for a given number of instrumented levels. The pressure was linearly correlated to the tether tension. CONCLUSIONS Non segmental anterior spine tethering induced similar pressures on every instrumented level regardless of the number of instrumented levels, with 21% lesser pressures with 5 motion segments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.Scoliosis-specific exercises are prescribed and used by many centers either primarily or as an adjunct to other treatment methods for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of mild to moderate severity. These methods are often used in Europe and are being used in the United States with increasing frequency. There are few publications about these methods in the spine or orthopedic literature. We have performed a review of the relevant literature from the PubMed database to evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of these treatments. We found no studies that provide valid evidence that an exercise method prevents progression of AIS (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis) in patients during their peak growth period. We report our review of selected relevant efforts and provide a description of many of the available treatment programs.STUDY DESIGN A microscopy-based investigation of the permissive factors leading towards bacterial adherence on commonly utilized spinal implants. OBJECTIVE The adherence and subsequent colonization and biofilm formation of bacteria on orthopaedic implants represents one of the most serious problems facing orthopaedic surgeons. Once a biofilm is formed, surgeons may have to resort to implant removal, a strategy that may cause substantial patient morbidity and lead to additional cost to the healthcare system. This problem has been further compounded by the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterial pathogens. In this study, two commonly encountered bacterial pathogens in surgical site infections (SSI) were characterized for adherence pattern, density, and propagation on five commonly used spinal implant materials via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results show that bacterial adherence is largely dependent on the microtopographical features observed on the surface of the materials tested. METHODS Five commonly utilized spinal implant materials were inoculated with two of the most common nosocomial pathogens and visualized via scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Analysis of 90 spinal implant pieces showed that even though no material showed the ability to prevent adherence of both pathogens tested, the presence of surface imperfections and rougher microtopography was found to harbor the most bacterial presence. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that implants materials with uniform surface and minimal imperfections may reduce the ability of bacterial to adhere to implants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I evidence "Investigation of a diagnostic test".STUDY DESIGN Retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVE To determine how the use of dedicated spine surgical nurses and scrub technicians impacted surgical outcomes of posterior spinal fusions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Dedicated team approaches to surgery have been shown to improve surgical outcomes. However, their study on orthopaedics and spine surgery is limited. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients who underwent a primary posterior spinal fusion of seven or more levels for AIS at a tertiary care pediatric hospital with a minimum of 2&nbsp;years of follow-up from 2006 to 2013 was conducted. Our institution had dedicated spine surgeons and anesthesiologists throughout the study period, but use of dedicated spine nurses and scrub technicians was variable. The relationship between the proportion of nurses and scrub technicians that were dedicated spine and surgical outcome variables was examined. A multiple regression was performed to control for the surgeon performing the case and the start time. RESULTS A total of 146 patients met criteria. When teams were composed of  less then  60% dedicated spine nurses and scrub technicians, there was 34&nbsp;min more total OR time (p = .008), 27&nbsp;min more surgical time (p = .037), 7&nbsp;min more nonsurgical OR time (p = .030), 30% more estimated blood loss (EBL) (p = .013), 27% more EBL per level instrumented (p = .020), 113% more allogeneic transfusion (p = .006), and 104% more allogeneic transfusion per level instrumented (p = .009). There was no significant difference in length of stay, unplanned staged procedures, surgical site infection, reoperation, or major medical complications. CONCLUSIONS Performing posterior spinal fusions for AIS patients with dedicated spine nurses and scrub technicians is associated with a significant decrease in total OR time, blood loss, and transfusion rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.