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lation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.<br /><br />The enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxic activity of the Ginsenoside Rh2 nanoniosomal formulation on the PC3 cell make it an attractive candidate for application as a nano-sized delivery vehicle to transfer Ginsenoside Rh2 to cancer cells.It is essential to acknowledge the efforts made thus far to manage or eliminate various disease burden faced by humankind. However, the rising global trends of the so-called incurable diseases continue to put pressure on Pharma industries and other drug discovery platforms. In the past, drugs with more than one target were deemed as undesirable options with interest being on the one-drug-single target. Despite the successes of the single-target drugs, it is currently beyond doubt that these drugs have limited efficacy against complex diseases in which the pathogenesis is dependent on a set of biochemical events and several bioreceptors operating concomitantly. Different approaches have thus been proposed to come up with effective drugs to combat even the complex diseases. In the past, the focus was on producing drugs from screening plant compounds; today, we talk about combination therapy and multi-targeting drugs. The multi-target drugs have recently attracted much attention as promising tools to fight against most challenging diseases, and thus a new research focus area. This review will discuss the potential impact of multi-target drug approach on various complex diseases with focus on malaria, tuberculosis (TB), diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases as the main representatives of multifactorial diseases. We will also discuss alternative ideas to solve the current problems bearing in mind the fourth industrial revolution on drug discovery.Film-forming sprays offer many advantages compared to conventional topical preparations because they can provide uniform drug distribution and dose, increased bioavailability, lower incidence of irritation, continuous drug release, and accelerated wound healing through moisture control. Film-forming sprays consist of polymers and excipients that improve the characteristics of preparations and enhance the stability of active substances. Each type of polymer and excipient will produce films with different features. Therefore, the various types of polymers and excipients and their evaluation standards need to be examined for the development of a more optimal form of film-forming spray. The selected literature included research on polymers as film-forming matrices and the application of these sprays for medical purposes or for potential medical use. This article discusses the types and concentrations of polymers and excipients, sprayer types, evaluations, and critical parameters in determining the sprayability and film characteristics. The review concludes that both natural and synthetic polymers that have in situ film or viscoelastic properties can be used to optimise topical drug delivery.<br /><br /> To report 2-year outcomes of trans-epithelial accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking (TE-ACXL) procedure in the treatment of progressive keratoconus patients.<br /><br /> Twenty-four eyes from 24 patients who underwent TE-ACXL (6mW/cm<br /><br /> for 15 minutes) were included in this retrospective interventional study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), keratometry values, thinnest corneal thickness (PachyMin) and topometric indexes were analysed preoperatively and at 6-month, 12-month, 18-month and 24-month postoperative. Progression was assessed by increase ≥1.00D in maximum keratometry (Kmax); increase ≥1.00D in corneal astigmatism; decrease ≥2% in PachyMin; increase ≥0.42 in D-index.<br /><br /> There were no complications during or after TE-ACXL. No significant differences (Δ) were observed between baseline and 12-month or 24-month postoperative ∆BCVA (-0.08 ± 0.25, <br /><br /> =0.190; -0.04 ± 0.17, <br /><br /> =0.588), ∆Kmax (-0.08 ± 1.32, <br /><br /> =0.792; -1.04 ± 1.89, <br /><br /> =0.135), ∆Astigmatism (-0.15 ± 0.89, <br /><br /> =0.485; -0.24 ± 1.38, <br /><br /> =0.609), ∆PachyMin (-0.56 ± 15.70, <br /><br /> =0.882; 0.56 ± 18.74, <br /><br /> =0.931), ∆Index Surface Variation (∆ISV) (-2.11 ± 10.27, <br /><br /> =0.395; -4.67 ± 17.32, <br /><br /> =0.442), ∆Index Vertical Asymmetry (∆IVA) (-0.05 ± 0.17, <br /><br /> =0.208; -0.08 ± 0.26, <br /><br /> =0.397), ∆Index Height Decentration (∆IHD) (0.00 ± 0.02, <br /><br /> =0.368; -0.01 ± 0.04, <br /><br /> =0.484), ∆KI (0.00 ± 0.05, <br /><br /> =0.851; 0.01 ± 0.06, <br /><br /> =0.877) and ∆D-index (0.15 ± 1.14, <br /><br /> =0.572; 0.06 ± 1.36, <br /><br /> =0.892). Eleven to 33% of patients had disease progression at 24-month postoperative according to the parameters used to determine progression.<br /><br /> Although some patients maintain disease progression, TE-ACXL seems to be a safe and effective treatment for keratoconus over the 2-year follow-up period. Studies with longer follow-up periods and larger patient cohorts are recommended.<br /><br />Although some patients maintain disease progression, TE-ACXL seems to be a safe and effective treatment for keratoconus over the 2-year follow-up period. Studies with longer follow-up periods and larger patient cohorts are recommended.The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly limited the capacity of healthcare systems to provide elective services like cataract surgery. Cataract formation is a frequent complication after pars plana vitrectomy. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of combined phacovitrectomy as opposed to sequential surgery in the post-pandemic era. In particular, we discuss the patient-level visual benefits and societal economic advantages of this procedure.<br /><br /> To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction measured by a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) prism and a modified surface Goldmann (CATS) prism with the institution of a topical prostaglandin analog (PGA) or alternatively a topical beta blocker.<br /><br /> Prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled, and reference device comparison.<br /><br /> Thirty-six (36) treatment naïve glaucoma patients (72 eyes) were randomized equally to treatment with latanoprost 0.005% or timolol maleate 0.5%. Each patient underwent IOP measurement with standard GAT and CATS prisms before and at 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal hysteresis (CH) were also measured. Medication response was defined as a 20% reduction in IOP from baseline.<br /><br /> The CATS prism demonstrated the IOP reduction with topical latanoprost at a mean of 1.9 mmHg lower than the IOP measured with GAT (p=0.01). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mg-101-alln.html MG-101 manufacturer] The CATS and GAT prisms detected no difference in IOP reduction with timolol (p=0.23). The number of latanoprost treatment non-responders was reduced from 36.1% measured with GAT to 13.8% when measured with the CATS prism (p=0.005). Timolol indicated no difference in the treatment non-response rate at 22.2% (p=0.999). CH increased significantly with latanoprost treatment by an average of 0.55 mmHg (p=0.014) and remained unchanged with timolol at -0.014 mmHg (p=0.68).<br /><br /> IOP reduction and responder rates were increased when measured with a CATS prism in patients using latanoprost and not with timolol use. Latanoprost-induced alterations in corneal biomechanics may dampen the actual IOP reduction measured with a standard GAT prism.<br /><br /> ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04178863.<br /><br />ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04178863.<br /><br /> Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is limited information on MiP in low transmission regions as Colombia. link2 This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of MiP through active surveillance of infections by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<br /><br /> A cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2016 and January 2017 in five municipalities (Apartadó, Turbo, El Bagre, Quibdó, and Tumaco) in Colombia. Pregnant women self-presenting at health centers for antenatal care visits, seeking medical care for suspected malaria, or delivery, were enrolled. Diagnosis of <br /><br /> spp was made in peripheral and placental blood samples by microscopy and PCR.<br /><br /> A total of 787 pregnant women were enrolled; plasmodial infection was diagnosed by microscopy in 4.2% (95% CI 2.8-5.6; 33/787) or by nPCR in 5.3% (95% CI 3.8-6.9; 42/787) in peripheral blood. Most of the infections were caused by <br /><br /> (78.5%), and 46% were afebrile (asymptomatic). Women in the first and second trimest.<br /><br /> More than five million children have experienced a co-resident parent leaving to spend time behind bars. Most incarceration occurs in jails, yet little is known about contact between parents in jail and their minor children. Such information is essential to inform programming and policy to support families in the context of incarceration.<br /><br /> In the present study, 315 fathers in jail with minor children (3-17 years old) were recruited from four jails in the Midwest region of the United States. Fathers in jail reported their demographic information, incarceration-related characteristics (e.g., number of prior arrests), children's exposure to incarceration-related events, and frequency of contact with their children.<br /><br /> Four main findings emerged 1) telephone contact was the most common modality for engaging with children during a paternal jail stay, with 22% of fathers reporting daily phone contact with children, 2) types of contact were correlated, so that more phone contact and letter writing were associated with more frequent visits, 3) White, non-Hispanic fathers and those who did not plan to live with their children upon release were less likely to report telephone contact with their children, and 4) children who witnessed their fathers' arrest were less likely to write and children who witnessed their fathers' criminal activity were less likely to visit.<br /><br /> Contact between fathers in jail and children has implications for the parent-child relationship. Future research should explore quality of and barriers to contact, including incarceration-related events.<br /><br />Contact between fathers in jail and children has implications for the parent-child relationship. Future research should explore quality of and barriers to contact, including incarceration-related events.<br /><br /> Congenital intrahepatic bile duct dilatation without fibrosis is called Caroli disease (CD), and is called Caroli syndrome (CS) when it has fibrotic and cirrhotic liver morphology. The development of intrahepatic carcinoma is described in both conditions, but the reported incidence varies extensively. link3 Potential risk factors for the malignant transformation were not described. Furthermore, conservative or surgical treatment is performed depending on the extent of cystic malformation, hepatic dysfunction and structural hepatic changes, but little is known about which treatment should be offered to patients with CD or CS and cancer.<br /><br /> To further investigate the malignant transformation in these conditions.<br /><br /> A systematic review of the current literature until January 2019 was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. A search using Medline (PubMed) was performed using a combination of Medical Subject Headings terms "caroli disease", "caroli syndrom the high rate of mortality and tumor recurrence, definite surgical treatment should be offered as soon as possible.