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Men in the Northern Suburbs of Launceston, Tasmania, experience substantially poorer health outcomes and socio-economic disadvantage than most Australians. They are often described as "hard-to-reach," meaning difficult to engage in research, health promotion, policy and planning. This paper summarises the OPHELIA process to combine health literacy profiling with engagement of local men in health promotion, and their experience of the process and outcomes.<br /><br /> Interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of middle-aged men with the OPHELIA process and subsequent interventions.<br /><br /> Local data and health literacy profiling revealed experiences of isolation, lack of trust in the system, medication non-adherence, mental illness and chronic pain, which formed the basis for generation of ideas to improve their well-being and understanding of health. Tailored interventions were implemented, including suicide prevention, "Numeracy for Life" and "Healthy Sheds" courses. Interviews with six participants revealed that the process contributed to a sense of worth, social support and ability to break "old habits."<br /><br /> Prioritising the lived experience of "hard-to-reach" men through the OPHELIA process resulted in co-design of interventions that were valued by participants. SO WHAT? Health literacy profiling and genuine community engagement can empower vulnerable, under-represented communities to co-design, and engage in, health promotion.<br /><br />Prioritising the lived experience of "hard-to-reach" men through the OPHELIA process resulted in co-design of interventions that were valued by participants. SO WHAT? Health literacy profiling and genuine community engagement can empower vulnerable, under-represented communities to co-design, and engage in, health promotion.<br /><br /> Osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (OA-CSM) is a complex disorder with limited long-term survival. The longitudinal progression is currently unknown.<br /><br /> To describe changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a 2-year minimum period. We hypothesized that spinal lesions would progress in the majority of dogs.<br /><br /> Eleven dogs previously diagnosed with OA-CSM were prospectively studied. Nine dogs were treated medically, whereas 2 were treated surgically.<br /><br /> Clinical and MRI follow-up were performed with a median time between MRI studies of 30 months (range, 24-54). Morphologic assessment evaluated vertebral canal stenosis, spinal cord compression, foraminal stenosis, and articular processes, among other variables. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AdipoRon.html AdipoRon in vitro] Morphometric assessment included vertebral canal area, spinal cord area, area of the articular processes, and foraminal height.<br /><br /> On follow-up MRI, the most affected site at the initial examination in medically treated dogs had progressed in 4 of 9 dogs, improved in 4, and was unchanged in 3. Clinically, all dogs except 2 medically treated dogs were unchanged to improve at follow-up. Initially, 50 of 60 (83.3%) intervertebral spaces had vertebral canal stenosis, whereas in the follow-up MRI 82.3% did. Of the sites with stenosis, 45.7% were unchanged, 18.6% improved, and 38.9% worsened. Morphometry identified significant decreases in vertebral canal and spinal cord areas at C4-C5 through C6-C7, and significant progression of articular process irregularities at C3-C4 and C6-C7.<br /><br /> This long-term follow-up study of dogs with OA-CSM did not identify clinical or MRI progression of lesions in the majority of dogs.<br /><br />This long-term follow-up study of dogs with OA-CSM did not identify clinical or MRI progression of lesions in the majority of dogs.In plants, race-specific defence against microbial pathogens is facilitated by resistance (R) genes which correspond to specific pathogen avirulence genes. This study reports the cloning of a blackleg R gene from Brassica napus (canola), Rlm9, which encodes a wall-associated kinase-like (WAKL) protein, a newly discovered class of race-specific plant RLK resistance genes. Rlm9 provides race-specific resistance against isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans carrying the corresponding avirulence gene AvrLm5-9, representing only the second WAKL-type R gene described to date. The Rlm9 protein is predicted to be cell membrane-bound and while not conclusive, our work did not indicate direct interaction with AvrLm5-9. Rlm9 forms part of a distinct evolutionary family of RLK proteins in B. napus, and while little is yet known about WAKL function, the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem may prove to be a model system by which the mechanism of fungal avirulence protein recognition by WAKL-type R genes can be determined.Accumulating evidence suggests that metformin reduces the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the pathological characteristics of resected CRC from patients treated with metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In total, 267 patients with DM underwent curative colectomy for Stage I-III CRC and 53 (19.9%) patients had been treated medically including metformin. Pathological N-stage was significantly lower in metformin-treated patients (P less then .05) with prolonged disease-free survival (DFS) (P less then .05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the densities of CD3(+) and CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the invasive front area were significantly higher in 40 patients treated with metformin compared with propensity score matched cases without metformin (P less then .05). The density of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in tumor stroma was markedly increased in metformin-treated patients (P less then .001). In those tumors, there were more CD68(+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) infiltrated (P less then .05), while the ratio of CD163(+) M2-phenotype was markedly reduced (P less then .001). Stromal fibrosis tended to be suppressed by metformin intake (P = .051). These findings suggested that metformin drastically changes the characteristics of infiltrating immune cells in CRC and reprograms the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunocompetent status, which may lead to suppression of microscopic tumor spread and improve the outcomes of patients with CRC and type 2 DM.