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trans-Cinnamic acid (CA) is a precursor of many phenylpropanoid compounds, including catechins and aroma compounds, in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves and is derived from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) deamination. We have discovered an alternative CA formation pathway from l-Phe via phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and phenyllactic acid (PAA) in tea leaves through stable isotope-labeled precursor tracing and enzyme reaction evidence. Both PPA reductase genes (CsPPARs) involved in the PPA-to-PAA pathway were isolated from tea leaves and functionally characterized in vitro and in vivo. CsPPAR1 and CsPPAR2 transformed PPA into PAA and were both localized in the leaf cell cytoplasm. Rosa hybrida flowers (economic crop flower), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. fruits (economic crop fruit), and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (leaf model plant) also contained this alternative CA formation pathway, suggesting that it occurred in most plants, regardless of different tissues and species. These results improve our understanding of CA biosynthesis in tea plants and other plants.Long-term low-temperature conditioning (LT-LTC) decreases apple fruit quality, but the underlying physiological and molecular basis is relatively uncharacterized. We identified 12 clusters of DEGs involved in multiple biological processes (i.e., sugar, malic acid, fatty acid, lipid, complex phytohormone, and stress-response pathways). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/oul232.html OUL232 nmr] The expression levels of genes in sugar pathways were correlated with decreasing starch levels during LT-LTC. Specifically, starch synthesis-related genes (e.g., BE, SBE, and GBSS genes) exhibited down-regulated expression, whereas sucrose metabolism-related gene expression levels were up- or down-regulated. The expression levels of genes in the malic acid pathway (ALMT9, AATP1, and AHA2) were up-regulated, as well as the content of malic acid in apple fruit during LT-LTC. A total of 151 metabolites, mainly related to amino acids and their isoforms, amines, organic acids, fatty acids, sugars, and polyols, were identified during LT-LTC. Additionally, 35 organic acid-related metabolites grouped into three clusters, I (3), II (22), and III (10), increased in abundance during LT-LTC. Multiple phytohormones regulated the apple fruit chilling injury response. The ET and ABA levels increased at CS2 and CS3, and JA levels also increased during LT-LTC. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in ET, ABA, and JA synthesis and response pathways were up-regulated. Finally, some key transcription factor genes (MYB, bHLH, ERF, NAC, and bZIP genes) related to the apple fruit cold acclimation response were differentially expressed. Our results suggest that the multi-layered mechanism underlying apple fruit deterioration during LT-LTC is a complex, transcriptionally regulated process involving cell structures, sugars, lipids, hormones, and transcription factors.We provide a strategy to optimize density functional tight-binding (DFTB) parameterization for the calculation of the structures and properties of organic molecules consisting of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. We utilize an objective function based on similarity measurements and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method to find an optimal set of parameters. This objective function considers not only the common DFTB descriptors of binding energies and atomic forces but also incorporates relative energies of isomers into the fitting procedure for more chemistry-driven results. The quality in the description of the binding energies and atomic forces is measured based on the Ballester similarity index and relative energies through a similarity index induced by the Levenshtein edit distance to quantify the correct energetic order of isomers. Training and testing datasets were created to include all relevant chemical functional groups. The accuracy of this strategy is assessed, and its range of applicability is discussed by comparison against our previous parameterization [A. Krishnapriyan, et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 13, 6191 (2017)]. The improved performance of the new DFTB parameterization is validated with respect to the density functional theory large datasets QM-9 [R. Ramakrishnan, et al., Sci. Data 1, 140022 (2014)] and ANI-1 [J. S. Smith, et al., Sci. Data 4, 170193 (2017)], where excellent agreement is found between the structures and properties available in these datasets, and the ones obtained with DFTB.We report mechanistic insights into an iridium/nickel photocatalytic C-O cross-coupling reaction from time-resolved spectroscopic studies. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, energy transfer from an iridium photocatalyst to a catalytically relevant Ni(II)(aryl) acetate acceptor was observed. Concentration-dependent lifetime measurements suggest the mechanism of the subsequent reductive elimination is a unimolecular process occurring on the long-lived excited state of the Ni(II) complex. We envision that our study of the productive energy-transfer-mediated pathway would encourage the development of new excited-state reactivities in the field of metallaphotocatalysis that are enabled by light harvesting.Translocation from one cavity to another through a narrow constriction (i.e., a "hole") represents the fundamental elementary process underlying hindered mass transport of nanoparticles and macromolecules within many natural and synthetic porous materials, including intracellular environments. This process is complex and may be influenced by long-range (e.g., electrostatic) particle-wall interactions, transient adsorption/desorption, surface diffusion, and hydrodynamic effects. Here, we used a three-dimensional (3D) tracking method to explicitly visualize the process of nanoparticle diffusion within periodic porous nanostructures, where electrostatic interactions were mediated via ionic strength. The effects of electrostatic interactions on nanoparticle transport were surprisingly large. For example, an increase in the Debye length of only a few nanometers (in a material with a hole diameter of ∼100 nm) increased the mean cavity escape time 3-fold. A combination of computational and experimental analyses indicated that this hindered cavity escape was due to an electrostatic energy barrier in the region of the hole, which was quantitatively explained using DLVO theory.