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03), 'sphincter control' (≥14 points; OR 1.49), 'transfers' (≥13 points; OR 1.94), and 'locomotion' (≥7 points; OR 3.55), among others. High FIM sub-scale scores at discharge for self-care, sphincter control, transfers, and locomotion were clarified as factors associated with discharge-to-home. These findings of the association of ADL based on FIM and discharge destination would be useful in deciding discharge destinations for patients in an acute-phase hospital.<br /><br /> This paper is aimed at investigating the feasibility of developing a personal dosimeter of cumulative radiation dose which would incorporate the following features 1) a small size compared to that of a proximity ID card; 2) instant dose readout; 3) no power source; 4) moderate cost. The dosimeter is proposed as a potential replacement for TLD and OSL dosimeters used by nuclear industry workers and some medical staff groups.<br /><br /> An original detector design is developed containing a two-color LED, two photodetectors located in one plane covered with a mirror coating. The power necessary for the operation comes from an RFID reader. A small (5x5 mm) piece of Gafchromic EBT3 photochromic film sensitive to both X-ray and gamma radiation is used as a sensor. Irradiation of samples under X-ray and gamma radiation is carried out in the dose range of 0.1cGy-1Gy. The transmittance spectra are measured in the 300nm-1100nm spectral range.<br /><br /> Several prototypes of the dosimeter are presented, the distinctive features of which are the absence of the power source, easy transmitting of the dosimetric data via a RF channel, and a slim form factor. Several sources of dose uncertainties are analyzed and ways to eliminate them are outlined. The average dose confidence interval (α=0.05) calculated from the response curve is shown to equal 0.02cGy. This makes it possible to reliably measure doses as low as 0.1cGy, which corresponds to the minimum value claimed for Gafchromic EBT3.<br /><br /> The proposed idea of an ID-card-size dosimeter is feasible and has a number of advantages over TLD and OSL dosimeters, in particular, instant reading of the dose data using RFID/NFC readers, and a possibility of integrating into ERP systems.<br /><br />The proposed idea of an ID-card-size dosimeter is feasible and has a number of advantages over TLD and OSL dosimeters, in particular, instant reading of the dose data using RFID/NFC readers, and a possibility of integrating into ERP systems.<br /><br /> The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) published malnutrition identification criteria. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is malnutrition assessment tool commonly used in older adults. This study aimed to determine prevalence of malnutrition and the relationship between the GLIM and the MNA long form (MNA-LF) and short form (MNA-SF) and energy-protein intake.<br /><br /> A total of 252 older adult outpatients (aged 68.0 years, 61% females) were included. Malnutrition was defined according to the GLIM, MNA-LF, and MNA-SF. Food intake was assessed using the 24-h dietary recall. We analyzed the cutoff value on the MNA-LF score, MNA-SF score, and energy-protein intake for GLIM criteria-defined malnutrition severity with receiver operating characteristic analysis.<br /><br /> Malnutrition was present in 32.2%, 12.7%, and 13.1% of patients according to the GLIM criteria, MNA-LF, and MNA-SF, respectively. It was determined that 92.7% and 89.0% of patients, based on GLIM criteria, had malnutrition with the MNA-LF and MNA-SF, respectively. The daily energy-protein intake was less in patients with malnutrition according to GLIM, as in the MNA-LF and MNA-SF classifications (p &lt; .05). For the MNA-LF and MNA-SF score, the cutoff value of 11 and 9 points for severe malnutrition (area under curve [AUC] 0.92; p &lt; .001 and 0.90; p &lt; .001), 22 and 11 points for moderate malnutrition (AUC 0.79; p &lt; .001 and 0.76; p &lt; .001) were determined.<br /><br /> According to GLIM criteria, one-third of outpatient older adults were malnourished, whereas the prevalence was much lower applying both the MNA-LF and the MNA-SF.<br /><br />According to GLIM criteria, one-third of outpatient older adults were malnourished, whereas the prevalence was much lower applying both the MNA-LF and the MNA-SF.Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have the highest rates of mortality and morbidity globally, but lag behind high-income countries in the number of clinical trials and trained researchers, as well as research data pertaining to their populations. Lack of local clinical pharmacology and pharmacometrics expertise, limited training opportunities, and lack of local genomic data may contribute to health inequalities and limit the application of precision medicine. Continuing to develop health care infrastructure, including well-designed clinical pharmacology training and data collection in LMICs, can help address these challenges. International collaboration aimed at improving training and infrastructure and encouraging locally driven research and clinical trials will be of benefit. This review describes several examples where clinical pharmacology expertise could be leveraged, including opportunities for pharmacogenomic expertise that could drive improved recommendations for clinical guidelines. Also described are clinical pharmacology and pharmacometrics training programs in Africa, and the personal experience of a Tanzanian researcher currently on a training sabbatical in the United States, as illustrative examples of how training in clinical pharmacology can be effectively implemented in LMICs. These training efforts will benefit from advocacy for employment opportunities and career development pathways for clinical pharmacologists that are gradually being recognized and developed in LMICs. Clinical pharmacologists have a key role to play in global health, and development of training and research infrastructure to advance this expertise in LMICs will be of tremendous benefit.Ambiguous sensory stimuli provide insight into the dynamics of the human mind. When viewing substantially different images in the two eyes (i.e., binocular rivalry (BR)), perception spontaneously fluctuates between the two images along with patch-like mixtures of the two, with limited ability to control such fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that long-term meditation training can enable a more stable perception by reducing such fluctuations. Using electroencephalography, we investigated the neural bases of perceptual stabilization in long-term meditators (LTMs) and age-matched meditation-naive control participants. We measured BR alternations before and after participants practiced meditation. We expected that perceptual stabilization through meditation could occur via one of two neurocognitive mechanisms (1) a more engaged/effortful attention reflected by increased long-range phase synchronization between early visual sensory and higher-level brain regions, or (2) a disengaged/nonevaluative form of attention reflected by decreased phase synchronization. We found that compared with control participants, LTMs were in a significantly longer mixed perceptual state following concentrative meditation practice. The increase in mixed percepts across individuals was strongly correlated with reduced parietal-occipital gamma-band (30-50 Hz) phase synchrony. These findings suggest that concentrative meditation enables a nonevaluative perceptual stance supported by reduced communication between hierarchical visual brain regions.The susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii exposed to primary antibiotic can be either increased or decreased when exposed to secondary antibiotic. This study was designed to assess the relative fitness, collateral susceptibility and collateral resistance of polymyxin B- (PMB-) adapted A. baumannii to ciprofloxacin (CIP), meropenem (MER), PMB, tetracycline (TET) and tobramycin (TOB). Strains of wild-type A. baumannii KACC 12454 (ABKACC ), wild-type A. baumannii CCARM 12088 (ABCCARM ), PMB-adapted ABKACC , PMB-adapted ABCCARM , stabilized ABKACC and stabilized ABCCARM were used in this study. Compared to the wild-type ABKACC , the MICs of PMB were increased from 2 to 128 μg ml-1 against PMB-adapted ABKACC , while MICs of CIP, MER, TET and TOB were decreased from 2 to 1 μg ml-1 , 16 to 1 μg ml-1 , 16 to 2 μg ml-1 and 64 to 16 μg ml-1 , respectively. The PMB-adapted ABCCARM was resistant to CIP (32 μg ml-1 ) and PMB (64 μg ml-1 ) compared to the wild-type ABCCARM . The resistance of stabilized ABKACC and ABCCARM to all antibiotics was lost after antibiotic-free culture in the exception of CIP and TET. The susceptibilities of wild-type, PMB-adapted and stabilized ABKACC and ABCCARM to CIP, MER, PMB, TET and TOB were increased in the presence of β-lactamase and efflux pump inhibitors. The high levels of relative fitness were observed for stabilized ABKACC , PMB-adapted ABCCARM and stabilized ABCCARM . The stabilized ABKACC and PMB-adapted ABCCARM were highly heteroresistance to PMB and TET, respectively. The PMB-adapted ABKACC and ABCCARM showed various antibiotic patterns, known as collateral susceptibility and collateral resistance. The results provide useful information for designing effective antibiotic regimens that can enhance the antibiotic activity against A. baumannii infections.<br /><br /> This study describes and evaluates efforts to transition an established pre-dental pipeline program to a remote platform, in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.<br /><br /> The semester-long pipeline program, Saturday Academy at New York University College of Dentistry, was conducted remotely through Zoom, and materials for hands-on, pre-clinical activities, were mailed to participants. Saturday Academy aims to educate underrepresented minority and low-income high school students about the college application process and the dental profession. After the program's completion, program applications and engagement data were analyzed. An anonymous online survey was administered to the high school student participants. The survey questions included topics about their interest in the profession of dentistry, satisfaction with the Saturday Academy programming, and program engagement.<br /><br /> In its remote format, Saturday Academy had an average attendance of 87.8% at each session. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html buy Cyclopamine] All (60/60, 100%) of the high school institutions in response to the coronavirus pandemic impact service and recruitment efforts, in addition to formal dental education. Transitioning pipeline programming efforts, with hands-on components, to a remote format is possible and was met with favorable engagement and responses from program participants.Tree water use is central to plant function and ecosystem fluxes. However, it is still unknown how organ-level water-relations traits are coordinated to determine whole-tree water-use strategies in response to drought, and whether this coordination depends on climate. Here we used a global sap flow database (SAPFLUXNET) to study the response of water use, in terms of whole-tree canopy conductance (G), to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and to soil water content (SWC) for 142 tree species. We investigated the individual and coordinated effect of six water-relations traits (vulnerability to embolism, Huber value, hydraulic conductivity, turgor-loss point, rooting depth and leaf size) on water-use parameters, also accounting for the effect of tree height and climate (mean annual precipitation, MAP). Reference G and its sensitivity to VPD were tightly coordinated with water-relations traits rather than with MAP. Species with efficient xylem transport had higher canopy conductance but also higher sensitivity to VPD.