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Burn injury represents a substantial burden of disease in resource-limited settings. Kenya has no formal trauma system and referral practices for burn injuries are not well understood. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/peficitinb-asp015k-jnj-54781532.html STAT inhibitor] The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with burn injury referrals in rural Kenya.<br /><br /> A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients with burn injury from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 at a 300-bed faith-based, teaching hospital in southwest Kenya. Bivariate analysis compared referred and non-referred patients. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between burn severity and odds of referral adjusting for age, gender, insurance, time from injury to arrival and estimated travel time from home to hospital.<br /><br /> The study included 171 patients with burn injury; 11 patients were excluded due to missing referral data. Of the 160 patients, 31.9% (n=51) were referred. Referral patients had higher average total-body-surface-area burn (23.1±2.4% vs 11.1±1.2%; p&lt;0.001), were more likely to have full thickness burns (41.3% vs 25.5%; p=0.05) and less likely to present to the referral hospital within 24 hours after injury (47.8% vs 73.0%; p=0.005). Referral patients had longer travel time to hospital (90+ min 52.9% vs. 22.0%, p&lt;0.001). Odds of referral increased 1.62 times (95%CI 1.19, 2.22) for every 10% increase in total-body-surface-area burn.<br /><br /> Without a coordinated trauma system, referrals represent a substantial portion of burn injury patients at a hospital in rural Kenya. Referred patients present with more severe burns and experience delays to presentation.<br /><br />Without a coordinated trauma system, referrals represent a substantial portion of burn injury patients at a hospital in rural Kenya. Referred patients present with more severe burns and experience delays to presentation.Mathew Kavanagh and co-authors discuss law reform in the global tuberculosis response.<br /><br /> Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mono-ether structural analogs, identified as the by-products or transformation products of commercial TBBPA bis-ether derivatives, have been identified as emerging widespread pollutants. However, there is very little information regarding their toxicological effects.<br /><br /> We aimed to explore the potential thyroid hormone (TH) system-disrupting effect of TBBPA mono-ether structural analogs.<br /><br /> The binding potencies of chemicals toward human TH transport proteins [transthyretin (TTR) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and receptors [<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> TR<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> α<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> ligand-binding domain (LBD) and <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> TR<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> β<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> -LBD<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> ] were determined by fluorescence competitive binding assays. Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding modes of the chemicals with the proteins. The cellular TR-disrupting potencies of chemicals were assessed by a GH3 cell proliferation assay. The intracellular concentrations of the chemicals were measuredation (with LOECs ranging from <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> 0.3<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> μ<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> M<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> to <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> 1.2<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> μ<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> M<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> ). Compared with TBBPA, TBBPA-mono(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) showed a 4.18-fold higher GH3 cell proliferation effect and 105-fold higher cell membrane transportation ability.<br /><br /> This study provided a possible mechanism underlying the difference in TTR or TR binding by novel TBBPA structural analogs. These compounds might exert TH system-disrupting effects by disrupting TH transport in circulation and TR activity in TH-responsive cells. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP6498.<br /><br />This study provided a possible mechanism underlying the difference in TTR or TR binding by novel TBBPA structural analogs. These compounds might exert TH system-disrupting effects by disrupting TH transport in circulation and TR activity in TH-responsive cells. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP6498.Three-dimensional cell aggregates (spheroids) are becoming a research focus because their construction is similar to that in vivo microenvironments, enabling the acceleration of drug discovery and reducing the need for animal tests, and other advantages. However, the delivery of drugs to the inside of spheroids is time-consuming and has low efficiency. In this study, we selected a sulfobetaine copolymer that translocates to the cell membrane in monolayer cultured cells as a nanocarrier of anticancer drugs. Doxorubicin (Dox) and 17-demethoxy-17-allylamino geldanamycin (17AAG) were modified to the copolymer of sulfobetaine methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, P(SB-PEG), and added to glioblastoma A-172 cell spheroids. Dox-P(SB-PEG) showed fast permeation into A-172 spheroids, and the fluorescence in cells was observed in the center area of the spheroids within 1 h of polymer addition. Conversely, only the outer one to two cell layers of spheroids were observed when Dox was added to the spheroids. Dox-P(SB-PEG) in A-172 spheroids was localized in the mitochondria of each cell and exhibited comparable drug efficacy to that of Dox in growth inhibition assays of A-172 spheroids. Moreover, approximately 10-fold higher drug efficacy in growth inhibition and invasion of A-172 spheroids was found using 17AAG-P(SB-PEG). Conjugating anticancer drugs with P(SB-PEG) is a promising strategy to enhance drug permeation and efficacy against spheroid cells.Although core decompression (CD) is often performed in the early stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), the procedure does not always prevent subsequent deterioration and the effects of CD are not fully clarified. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of CD for steroid-associated ONFH in rabbits. Twelve male and 12 female New Zealand rabbits were injected intramuscularly 20 mg/kg of methylprednisolone once and were divided into the disease control and CD groups. In the disease control group, rabbits had no treatment and were euthanized at 12 weeks postinjection. In the CD group, rabbits underwent left femoral CD at 4 weeks postinjection and were euthanized 8 weeks postoperatively. The left femurs were collected to perform morphological, biomechanical, and histological analysis. Bone mineral density and bone volume fraction in the femoral head in the CD group were significantly higher than in the disease control group. However, no difference in the mechanical strength was observed between the two groups.