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mplications were enquired, recorded, and interpreted. Results In the present study, out of a total of 87 patients, 80 patients were included in the study. Among all the patients, 16 patients (20%) developed retention of urine. Four patients in the LIS group showed retention of urine whereas in the fissurectomy group it was twelve. The difference was not statistically significant (p-value 0.025). A total of 10 patients required catheterization postoperatively. More patients in the fissurectomy group developed incontinence to flatus (p-value 0.02). Incontinence to liquid and solid was significantly higher in the fissurectomy group (p-value 0.03 and 0.002, respectively). Conclusion In the present study, it was found that LIS was a better treatment option for chronic anal fissure than Fissurectomy. The postoperative complications were less in LIS than in fissurectomy. But the recurrence was higher in the LIS group while there was no recurrence in the fissurectomy group.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by a lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. It is associated with the development of secondary complications resulting in several comorbidities. Recent studies have revealed an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction or dementia in diabetes patients. Diabetes mellitus is considered a risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is increasing evidence to support a link between DM and AD. Studies have shown the dysfunction of insulin signaling in the brain, resulting in increased tau protein phosphorylation (hyperphosphorylation), a hallmark and biomarker of AD pathology, leading to accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles. In DM, the insulin dysfunction in the brain is reported to alter the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity showing to enhance tau phosphorylation. In DM and AD, GSK-3β signaling has been involved in the physiological and pathological processes, respectively. This potentially explains why DM patients have an increased risk of developing AD with disease progression and aging. Interestingly, several in vivo studies with oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin treatment in DM have improved cognitive function and decreased tau hyperphosphorylation. This article will review the relationship between DM and AD as it relates to tau pathology. More understanding of the link between DM and AD could change the approach researchers and clinicians take toward both diseases, potentially leading to new treatments and preventative strategies in the future.Transient neurological deficits can occur in the setting of subdural hemorrhages with subsequent unremarkable electrodiagnostic and radiological evaluation. This scenario is rare and can be difficult for physicians to interpret. These transient neurological deficits are thought to result from relative ischemia, secondary to a lesser-known concept known as cortical spreading depolarization. These transient neurological deficits are thought to result from relative ischemia, secondary to a lesser-known concept known as cortical spreading depolarization, which may present clinically as nonepileptic, stereotypical, and intermittent symptoms (NESIS). In these instances, patients are often misdiagnosed as epileptics and committed to long-term antiseizure drugs. We present a 51-year-old patient developing acute global aphasia following the evacuation of a subdural hematoma, with no significant findings on laboratory, microbiological, electrodiagnostic, or radiological evaluation. The patient experienced spontaneous improvement and returned to baseline in the subsequent weeks. Increased awareness of NESIS as a cortical spreading depolarization phenomenon can improve patient care and prevent both unnecessary, extended medical evaluations and therapeutic trials.Pyogenic liver abscesses (PLAs) are a rare condition in North America and Europe and, rarer still, the cause of septic shock. This case report will describe the rare occurrence of a PLA producing septic shock in a 36-year-old male residing in the United Kingdom following a case of complicated appendicitis. The patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with a three-week history of intermittent loose stools, cramping abdominal pain, recurrent fevers, a heart rate of 111 beats per minute, a blood pressure of 94/58 mmHg, and a fever of 40.1 degrees Celsius. Despite prompt broad spectrum antibiotic administration and three liters of fluid resuscitation, the patient remained shocked which led to an ICU admission. A CT scan prior to transfer found a 7 cm x 6 cm x 6 cm lesion representing a liver abscess (LA) as well as gross inflammatory change affecting the distal small bowel. The LA was managed through insertion of a percutaneous drain under ultrasound guidance performed by the interventional radiology tekely accounted for by a complicated course of appendicitis. When reviewed in a telephone clinic 10 weeks post discharge, he was found to have no persistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and was subsequently discharged. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive imaging and colonoscopy in the work up of those patients with PLAs with no otherwise evident precipitating factor.Objective Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin have been shown to be independent markers of cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to assess the correlation between serum levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study at a tertiary level reference hospital in Yaounde, Cameroon. We assessed the cardiovascular risk using the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) cardiovascular risk prediction model in 80 adults with type 2 diabetes. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein were measured in 80 and 76 subjects respectively, using a highly sensitive quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Correlations were examined using Spearman's rank correlation test and the correlation coefficients were compared using the Z-test statistic. Results Females represented the majority of the study population (62.5%). The median duration oetter surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk prediction in this population with type 2 diabetes.<br /><br /> Patients with cirrhosis suffer from fluid and electrolyte imbalance. The usually reported electrolyte disorders include hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. The regional data about the prevalence and risk factors associated with hyperkalemia in cirrhotic patients are not sufficient enough. The purpose of this study is to determine various risk factors associated with hyperkalemia, which will assist in the early detection of cirrhotic patients at risk of hyperkalemia.<br /><br /> This cross-sectional study was conducted in the internal medicine and gastroenterology departments of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from March 2021 to June 2021. Sonographically documented liver cirrhosis patients (n=500), of either gender and between the ages of 18 and 70 years, were enrolled in the study. After enrollment, patients' demographics were noted in a self-structured questionnaire. Participant's Child-Pugh score was also noted in the questionnaire. After a detailed history, 5 mL of venous blood was drawn in two vials via phlebotomy and send to the laboratory to measure serum potassium, creatinine, albumin, and bilirubin levels.<br /><br /> Out of the total 500 participants, 101 (20.2%) participants had hyperkalemia. It was significantly more prevalent in participants with Child-Pugh C classand in those with a serum creatinine of more than 1.3 mg/dL. Similarly, it was more prevalent in participants with albumin levels less than 2.5 mg/dL.<br /><br /> Hyperkalemia is associated with Child-Pugh class C. It has a direct relationship with serum creatinine levels which is an indicator of renal function, and an inverse relationship with serum albumin levels, an indicator of hepatic synthetic function.<br /><br />Hyperkalemia is associated with Child-Pugh class C. It has a direct relationship with serum creatinine levels which is an indicator of renal function, and an inverse relationship with serum albumin levels, an indicator of hepatic synthetic function.Kummell's disease (KD) is a delayed post-traumatic avascular osteonecrosis of the vertebral body secondary to a vertebral compression fracture that can present with back pain. We discuss the importance of an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of Kummell's disease. Additionally, we aim to increase awareness and promote early diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications. A 55-year-old man had been diagnosed with avascular necrosis (AVN) of both hips and had a history of trauma to the left hip ten years ago. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ru58841.html selleck compound] Between the initial fall and subsequent presentation, he resumed independent physical activity. At approximately 10 months following his initial injury, he returned to a local emergency department with vague complaints of lower back pain. He was prescribed analgesics for pain and discharged. Subsequently, he experienced a progressive increase in pain and complained of motor deficits of the lower limbs. He presented to our emergency room with acute onset of worsening pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple-level compression fractures and a fluid cleft in the L2 intervertebral disc. Surgery was advised, but he did not consent. Therefore, nonsurgical treatment included bed rest, wearing a brace, lumbar traction, analgesics, and medication to prevent osteoporosis. Prompt, accurate diagnosis of Kummell's disease is important for timely, appropriate treatment, which can improve quality of life and prevent comorbidities.Shoulder pain is a common and painful patient condition. Unfortunately, diagnostic imaging of shoulder pain in the emergency department (ED) is often limited to radiography. While diagnostic for fractures and dislocations, drawbacks of radiography include time delays and non-diagnostic imaging in the case of rotator cuff pathology. While bedside ultrasound has been incorporated into many procedural and diagnostic applications in the ED, its use for musculoskeletal complaints and specifically shoulder pain is infrequent among ED clinicians. The incorporation of shoulder ultrasound in the ED may improve diagnostic certainty while decreasing time to diagnosis and treatment, yielding patient and health system benefits. Herein, we present the ABSIS (Acromio-clavicular joint, Biceps, Subscapularis, Impingement, Supraspinatus) Protocol for performing bedside ultrasound of the shoulder including the rotator cuff and bony anatomy.<br /><br /> To measure the correlation between the ratio of oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen [SpO<br /><br /> /FiO<br /><br /> (SF)] and the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen [PaO<br /><br /> /FiO<br /><br /> (PF)]among childrendiagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).<br /><br /> A cross-sectional study was conducted at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi, a tertiary care government hospital, from November 2020 to July 2021. One hundredtwenty children (of either gender) having the age range of 2 months to 16 years,admitted to PICU with acute onset of respiratory distress, were included in the study. We measured SpO<br /><br /> , PaO<br /><br /> , FiO<br /><br /> and calculated SF and PF ratios. SPSS (version 23) (Armonk, NY IBM Corp) was used to analyze data, and the Spearmen's correlation test was applied to measure the relationship between SF and PF ratios.<br /><br /> A total of 120 children were included, the mean age was 40.58±38.88 months and67 (55.8%) were males. The mean FiO<br /><br /> was 76.