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9 ± 12.5 years) suitable for analysis, 1192 (49%) were using statin treatment before admission. In unadjusted analyses, patients using statins had rates of the primary outcome similar to those of non-users within both 7 (29.8% vs 27.0%, respectively; P = 0.1338) and 28 days (36.2% vs 33.8%, respectively; P = 0.2191) of admission. However, mortality rates were significantly higher in statin users within 7 (12.8% vs 9.8%, respectively; P = 0.02) and 28 days (23.9% vs 18.2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). After applying IPTW, significant associations were observed with statin use and the primary outcome within 7 days (OR [95% CI] 1.38 [1.04-1.83]) and with death within both 7 (OR [95% CI] 1.74 [1.13-2.65]) and 28 days (OR [95% CI] 1.46 [1.08-1.95]).<br /><br /> Routine statin treatment is significantly associated with increased mortality in T2DM patients hospitalized for COVID-19.<br /><br />Routine statin treatment is significantly associated with increased mortality in T2DM patients hospitalized for COVID-19.Polymer nanogels (NGs) are water-swellable, cross-linked 3D network structures with size typically range from 1 to 1000 nm. Especially, biocompatible and "smart" NGs engineered from stimuli-responsive polymers are attractive because of its capability to respond the endogenous biological triggers of pH, bioreduction, biomolecule recognition, as well as the exogenous stimuli-triggers like temperature and light. Importantly, on exposing to these physical or biochemical signals, the responsive NGs can be utilized for therapeutic delivery and diagonostic applications. In the past decade, substantial developments were achieved in the development of "smart" NGs for theranostic and diagnostic applications such as intracellular delivery of drug and nucleic acids, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, bioimaging and sensing. Herein, we exclusively review the recent exciting developments in synthetic methods as well as biomedical applications of successfully employed "smart" NGs which can respond to a single, dual or multiple stimulus- responsive triggers. The prospects in the application of the stimuli-responsive and multifunctional NGs also will be addressed in this review.<br /><br /> Curing lights cannot be sterilized and should be covered with an infection control barrier. This study evaluated the effect of barriers when applied correctly and incorrectly on the radiant power (mW), irradiance (mW/cm<br /><br /> ), emission spectrum (mW/nm), and beam profile from a multi-peak light-curing unit (LCU).<br /><br /> Five plastic barriers (VALO Grand, Ultradent; TIDIShield, TIDI Products; Disposa-Shield, Dentsply Sirona; Cure Sleeve, Kerr; Stretch and Seal, Betty Crocker) and one latex-based barrier (Curelastic, Steri-Shield) were tested. The radiant power (mW) and emission spectrum (mW/nm) from one multi-peak LCU (VALO Grand, Ultradent) was measured using an integrating sphere. LCU tip internal diameter (mm) was measured, then the tip area and irradiance (mW/cm<br /><br /> ) were calculated. The beam profiles were measured using a laser beam profiler.<br /><br /> When applied correctly, the plastic barriers reduced the radiant power output by 5-8%, and the latex-based barrier by 16%. When the plastic seam or barrier opaque face was positioned over the LCU tip, the power output was reduced by 8-11%. #link# When the plastic barriers were wrinkled, the power output was significantly reduced by 14-26%. The wrinkled latex-based barrier reduced by 28%, and further reduced the violet light. The beam profiles illustrated the importance of correctly barrier use without wrinkles over the tip.<br /><br /> Plastic barriers applied correctly reduced the light output (mW) by 5-8%. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-477736.html selleck kinase inhibitor] applied incorrectly significantly reduced the light output by 14-26%. The latex-based barrier wrinkled also reduced the amount of violet light.<br /><br /> Infection control curing light barriers should be used to prevent cross-infection between patients. However, they must be applied correctly to reduce their negative effects on the light output.<br /><br />Infection control curing light barriers should be used to prevent cross-infection between patients. However, they must be applied correctly to reduce their negative effects on the light output.Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.Cocrystallization of ibuprofen and nicotinamide in hot melt extrusion process has been subject of many studies addressing low ibuprofen bioavailability. However, it is observed that the process of cocrystal formation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide might be incomplete. We hypothesized that formation of dimers of ibuprofen-ibuprofen or dimers nicotinamide- nicotinamide might be the cause of such poor cocrystalization process by altering the phase behaviour of the mixture. This paper addresses the molecular thermodynamics of mixtures of ibuprofen and nicotinamide, with special focus on the possibility of formation of these dimers and their corresponding interplay with mixture phase behaviour. For this purpose, density functional theory calculations are used to calculate electron donor-acceptor sizes on each molecule and accordingly possible dimers of each molecule are analysed. The free energies and phase diagram are determined for (1) when a dimer is formed or (2) no dimer is formed, over a wide operating temperature range of 273.