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External rotation was limited at 6&nbsp;months, and 33 of 228 patients (14%) could not return to the same level of sports activities. Among 44 patients at the follow-up extending to ten to 27&nbsp;years, external rotation was still limited but no plain radiography showed osteoarthritis more than stage 2. CONCLUSION This modified Putti-Platt procedure was not appropriate for throwing athletes but could be a surgical option for patients with high risk of recurrence.PURPOSE Patellofemoral instability can be caused by tibial or femoral torsional deformity. Established surgical treatment options are rotational osteotomies, but the transfer from pre-operative planning to surgical execution can be challenging. Patient-specific instruments (PSI) are proofed to be helpful tools in realignment surgery. However, accuracy of PSI in femoral and tibial rotational osteotomies remains still unknown. Goal of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of PSI in femoral and tibial rotational osteotomies in a patient population suffering from patellofemoral instability. METHODS All patients that underwent femoral or tibial rotational osteotomy using PSI in case of patellofemoral instability from October 2015 until April 2019 in our clinic were included. Twelve knees with twelve supracondylar femoral and seven supratuberositary tibial rotational osteotomies could be included. Accuracy of the correction was assessed using pre- and post-operative CT scans based on conventional measurements and, in 3D, based on 3D bone models of the respective patients. RESULTS CT measurements revealed an absolute difference between planned and achieved rotation of 4.8° ± 3.1° for femoral and 7.9° ± 3.7° for tibial rotational osteotomies without significant difference (p = 0.069). Regarding 3D assessment, a significant difference could be observed for the residual error between femoral and tibial rotational osteotomies in the 3D angle (p = 0.014) with a higher accuracy for the femoral side. CONCLUSION The application of PSI for femoral and tibial rotational osteotomy is a safe surgical treatment option. Accuracy for femoral rotational osteotomies is higher compared with tibial rotational osteotomies using PSI.BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on the presentation and surgical management of pheochromocytoma in developing nations, particularly in Africa. METHODS This study was a retrospective review, which included all patients managed by the Groote Schuur Hospital/University of Cape Town Endocrine Surgery unit for pheochromocytoma and abdominal paragangliomas, from January 2002 to June 2019. RESULTS Sixty patients were included in the study, of which 33% were male and 67% female. The mean age was 47&nbsp;years (range 14-81). The median tumor size was 6&nbsp;cm, with 45% larger than 6&nbsp;cm. 92% were located in the adrenal gland (87% unilateral, 5% bilateral), and 8% were extra-adrenal. The conversion rate for laparoscopic cases was 20%, with 55% of cases overall completed laparoscopically. Eleven patients with tumors &gt; 6&nbsp;cm were initially attempted laparoscopically, of which 3 were converted to open, without any associated increased morbidity. A major adverse event was recorded for 5 cases (8%), including 1 mortality. Overall morbidity, blood loss, operating time and hospital stay were all significantly reduced in the laparoscopic group. There were 5 patients with malignant disease (8%). CONCLUSION This large series, from an established academic endocrine surgery unit in Africa, can serve as a benchmark for units with similar settings and resource limitations, to compare their surgical management and perioperative outcomes.BACKGROUND Parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Following surgery, significant changes in bone and mineral metabolism may follow, but routine magnesium monitoring is not standard practice. The occurrence of significant clinical events linked to hypomagnesaemia in 3 patients after parathyroidectomy led to our evaluation of magnesium levels after surgery for PHPT. METHODS Serum magnesium levels before and after parathyroidectomy for PHPT were prospectively evaluated in a single centre over a year. The incidence and severity of hypomagnesaemia and its correlation with other biochemical variables were assessed. RESULTS A total of 138 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT. Pre-operative and day 1 post-operative serum magnesium levels were available in 57/138 (41.3%) and 99/138 (71.7%) patients, respectively. Serum magnesium decreased significantly after surgery (mean ± SD of 0.85 ± 0.08 and 0.75 ± 0.11&nbsp;mmol/L, respectively, p  less then  0.001). On the day aft patients developed post-operative, mostly mild hypomagnesaemia. Whilst routine serum magnesium measurements could facilitate prompt recognition and treatment of this electrolyte disturbance, further research needs to establish the clinical importance of mild hypomagnesaemia in these clinical settings and, if indicated, to devise optimal treatment strategies.BACKGROUND Current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines state that patients with intermediate-risk papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) may benefit from remnant ablation. One criterion for intermediate-risk classification is &gt;5 positive lymph nodes (LNs). We investigate whether performing step-sectioning of LNs increases the metastatic detection rate, thereby influencing ATA risk of recurrence (ROR) classification. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of cases in which ≥ 5 LNs were removed during thyroidectomy and ≤5 LNs were found positive for PTC. Step-sectioning was performed on the original tissue blocks. All slides were re-reviewed by a senior pathologist. RESULTS Twenty patients met study criteria. Step-sectioning significantly increased LN yield compared to standard sectioning. In total, we found 12 new positive lymph nodes; seven (58%) were in totally new lymph nodes, while five (42%) were in lymph nodes previously read as negative. All newly discovered metastases were classified as micrometastases (≤2&nbsp;mm). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dual-specificity-protein-phosphatase-1-6-Inhibitor-bcl.html check details] Of the 15 patients originally classified as low-risk, the step-sectioning protocol impacted two patients (13%), increasing ROR stratification. CONCLUSION Intensive step-sectioning reveals additional micrometastases. More detailed analysis did not identify clinically significant nodal disease likely to impact the clinical course of patients in this study. Our study supports current standards of pathology specimen handling related to LN assessment and the impact on ATA ROR classification. Nonetheless, it is important for clinicians to understand their institution's sectioning protocol utilized to report positive and total LN counts, which could impact ATA risk stratification and denote the comprehensive nature of the LN dissection that was performed.