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Posterior fossa abnormalities (PFAs) are commonly identified within routine screening and are a frequent indication for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although biometric measurements of the posterior fossa (PF) are established on fetal ultrasound and MRI, qualitative visual assessments are predominantly used to differentiate PFAs.<br /><br /> This systematic review aimed to assess 2-dimensional (2D) biometric measurements currently in use for assessing the PF on fetal MRI to delineate different PFAs.<br /><br /> The protocol was registered (PROSPERO ID CRD42019142162). Eligible studies included T2-weighted MRI PF measurements in fetuses with and without PFAs, including measurements of the PF, or other brain areas relevant to PFAs.<br /><br /> 59 studies were included - 6859 fetuses had 62 2D PF and related measurements. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Monensin-sodium-salt(Coban).html Sodium Monensin mw] These included linear, area and angular measurements, representing measures of PF size, cerebellum/vermis, brainstem, and supratentorial measurements. 11 measurements were used in 10 or more studies and at least 1200 fetuses. These dimensions were used to characterise normal for gestational age, diagnose a range of pathologies, and predict outcome.<br /><br /> A selection of validated 2D biometric measurements of the PF on fetal MRI may be useful for identification of PFA in different clinical settings. Consistent use of these measures, both clinically and for research, is recommended.<br /><br />A selection of validated 2D biometric measurements of the PF on fetal MRI may be useful for identification of PFA in different clinical settings. Consistent use of these measures, both clinically and for research, is recommended.<br /><br /> Celiac disease is associated with motor cortex hyperexcitability and neurological manifestations including cortical myoclonus. Electroencephalography abnormalities have been described, but no distinct pattern has been reported.<br /><br /> We describe the neurophysiological characteristics of 3 patients with celiac-associated cortical myoclonus using electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.<br /><br /> Electroencephalography in all cases demonstrated lateralized low-amplitude, electropositive beta-frequency polyspike activity over the central head region, corresponding to motor cortex contralateral to the myoclonic limb. Jerk-locked back-averaging demonstrated a preceding cortical potential; magnetoencephalography source localization revealed a cortical generator in the posterior wall of the precentral gyrus for the back-averaged potential and oscillatory abnormality. In 1 patient, cerebellar inhibition of the motor cortex was physiologically normal.<br /><br /> Central head oscillatory, low-amplitude, electropositive electroencephalography polyspike activity may be a distinct marker of celiac-related cortical myoclonus and is consistent with celiac-related motor cortex hyperexcitability, which may not necessarily result from cerebellar disinhibition. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<br /><br />Central head oscillatory, low-amplitude, electropositive electroencephalography polyspike activity may be a distinct marker of celiac-related cortical myoclonus and is consistent with celiac-related motor cortex hyperexcitability, which may not necessarily result from cerebellar disinhibition. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<br /><br /> E-cigarette awareness and use has increased globally, but little is known about the social factors that influence uptake in Australia. We explored the reasons why people started, continued and stopped using e-cigarettes in Australia.<br /><br /> This was a qualitative study comprising 14 semi-structured interviews with past and current e-cigarette users in Australia. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically to explore reasons why people started, continued or stopped using e-cigarettes.<br /><br /> The following three themes emerged from interviews "social" reasons, including issues of peer influence and social norms; "health" reasons, with aspects related to the reduction in use of cigarettes and health effects of using e-cigarettes; and "access and other personal" reasons, including the cost of e-cigarettes, the ability to access e-cigarettes and participants' experiences with e-cigarettes.<br /><br /> The study revealed that social norms and peer influence were reasons why people started and stopped using e-cigarettes. Smokersr limiting e-cigarette uptake among non-smokers.<br /><br /> The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonellaby in vitro assays and in vivo trials.<br /><br /> The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealedthat extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P&lt;0·01) and 12 (P&lt;0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P&lt;0·05).<br /><br /> Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to controlSalmonellain poultry.<br /><br /> Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.<br /><br />Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.Most organic luminescent dyes usually show poor emission in solid due to aggregation-caused quenching due to nonspecific intermolecular interaction, such as π-π stacking. Furthermore, since commodity molecules having near-infrared (NIR) emission properties tend to have extended π-conjugated systems, development of luminescent organic materials with solid-state NIR emission has been still challenging. Herein, the series of the azobenzene complexes with the perpendicularly-protruded aryl derivative at the boron atom toward π-conjugated system is synthesized. From the optical measurements, it is shown that these complexes can show crystallization-induced emission enhancement behaviors. The donor-acceptor type π-conjugated polymers composed of the azobenzene complexes are also synthesized. Highly-efficient NIR emission from the phenyl-substituted polymers both in solution (λPL = 742 nm, ΦPL = 15%) and film states (λPL = 793 nm, ΦPL = 9%) is obtained. Furthermore, emission wavelengths can be tuned by changing the substituent at the boron atom to the modified aryl groups.